Mostrando resultados por autor "SIVAKUMARAN SIVARAMANAN" en Todas las categorías

Thinning of Antarctic ozone layer during spring season has been observed since 1980s, largest depletion occurred during the period between 1980 and 2000. Incoming UV (particularly UVB & UVC) during the Antarctic spring causes deleterious effects such as cataract, skin burns, melanoma, reduction in agricultural food production and climatological changes. After 1987 Montreal protocol significant efforts are made mainly by UNEP, WMO and WHO to reduce the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone depleting substances (ODS), protocol established an international time frame on reducing ...

Air pollution is a global issue, it is a growing challenge since the time of industrialization and according to WHO ambient both urban and rural areas was estimated to cause 3.7 million premature deaths all over the world in 2012, in addition 3 billion people still depend on coal and biomass fuel (in door), annually there is several billion CO2 and other greenhouse gases are brought to atmosphere. Industries, power plants and transport are some major anthropogenic sources. In industries and other stationary sources there are various emission reduction techniques are being practiced such as ...

According to NASA and IPCC, Global temperature has increased by 1.4 oF since 1880, CO2 levels has reached 400.71 parts per billion, loss of world’s forest cover between the period 2000 and 2012 is 1.5 million square km, reduction of land ice 287 billion metric ton per year, sea level rise is 3.2 mm per year and loss of arctic ice cover at the rate of 13.3% per decade. Increasing risk of irreversible changes due to large scale shift in the climate system such as several sensitive species of ocean corals, aquatic birds, reptiles such as sea turtles and amphibians are facing extinction, ...

Water is an essential renewable resource, increasing population, deforestation, soil degradation and desertification, soil and water pollution and the effects of climatic change and consequences such as droughts, changes in weather pattern have ultimately increases the demand for fresh potable water, thus the need for reclamation of used water is being realized. Several countries successfully recycle the water up to the consumable standards. Though it varies depending on the treatment systems, limiting the uses, public acceptance, social and health related controversy is still an ...

Rising human population has given birth to so many environmental problems, noise, vibration and light pollution to the environment is an ever increasing threat. Increased road traffic noise including vehicle horns and sirens, construction activities of massive building structures, road construction, city development, ultra sound of the radars, noisy air crafts and blasts during the war and mining activities have malefic influence on the other living things as well as humans. In humans noise level at 45 dB disturb the wellbeing, the hearing damage begins at 85 dB, causes pain by 120 dB and ...

World population clock has reached 7.307 billion when I start writing this part, increasing population is the no. 1 environmental problem to date. More people more consumption thus more environmental degradation. This book reviews impacts of population crises on the environment as well as various theories and predictions of population ecologists and population control methods and their implementation, it is also proved with evidences that women education and upgrading status of the women mitigate the increasing birth rate to a certain extent as well as strict government policies such as one...

Wetlands are transitional ecosystem falls between terrestrial and aquatic systems. About 4-6% of the earth’s surface are wetlands. Wetlands are unique for its biodiversity and functions such as trapping sediment, water purification, flood regulation and mitigating global warming as carbon sink. Coastal wetlands such as seagrass beds, mangroves and salt marshes are known as “blue carbon” as carbon is stored in the sea. In this review edition, wetlands are classified based on their water source such as wetlands with predominantly precipitation inputs (Pocosins, Cypress, domes, Prairie ...

Major sources of ground water contamination are fuel oil, chemicals such as pesticides, leakage from storage tanks, uncontrolled hazardous wastes, landfill leachate, road salts and atmospheric contaminants. Soil nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate can also contaminate in from inorganic fertilizers or chemical production plants, these factors make the ground water unsuitable for human consumption. Treating ground water is more complicated process as the aquifers are interconnected. In-situ bioremediation can be done in case of nitrate, perchlorate and sulphate contamination, microbial ...

Heavy metal pollution due to various sources such as from agro chemicals, ballast water, electronic waste, vehicle exhaust, industrial effluents, coal power plants, sludge wastes, medicinal chemicals, laboratory waste and domestic wastes are become a major threat to the environment. WHO has found there is a health risk due to long-range transboundary air pollutants containing heavy metals. Arsenic, Beryllium, radium, chromium and cadmium are well known carcinogens. Some of them(As and Cd) found in well waters (north central province of Sri Lanka, India, Korea, Chile and Bangladesh) or ...

Agrochemicals are well known for their ill effects on non-targeted organisms and their persistency in nature. 99.9 per cent of the pesticide residues remain in the soil, water and air environment or consumed by the non-targeted organisms, with time they undergo physiochemical changes, undergo evaporation, volatilization, photodecomposition, breakdown by microbial activity, plant uptake and travel through the food chain (bioaccumulation and bio magnification). Persistent compounds such as organochlorine pesticides may concentrate in tissues of organisms and also its concentration through the...

Coral reefs undergo bleaching and other apocalyptic effects which are caused both naturally and from anthropogenic means. This book reviews on stresses on corals such as coral mining, over fishing, using harmful methods for fishing, pollutants and waste deposits, destruction of reefs by boat grounding, natural factors such as elevated temperatures, radiation, acidification of oceans, diseases which cause bleaching and efforts taken to save the corals, in brief. Corals can be reproduced from vegetative fragments, several propagation and handling methods are being practiced in natural and ...

According to Global Economic Symposium (2016), in the past two decades proven gas reserves have increased by 70% and proven oil reserves by 40%, with the emergence of advanced technology new oil and gas fields are being discovered all the time, technology also opens up potential unconventional sources such as tar sands, shale gas and ultra deep waters, use of renewable energy sources also increases day by day. However, still 80% of the world’s total energy needs rely on fossil fuels and it is also confirmed that we have sufficient energy for next three decades. The energy crisis does not ...

Soil degradation is one of the major global threats. Mainly in countries like Africa, Australia, China and some part of US effects of top soil erosion are being increasingly realized. According to UNCCD, globally 2.6 billion people depend on agriculture but 52% of the land used for agriculture is moderately or severely affected by soil degradation, land degradation affects 1.5 billion people globally, due to drought and desertification annually 12 million hectares are lost where 20 million tons of grain could have been grown, 74% of the poor are directly affected by land degradation, about ...

Consequences of poverty are well pronounced all over the world. About 705 million people live at the poverty line of “international $” 1.90 a day in 2015worldwide. According to the estimates of United Nations Food and Agriculture organization (FAO), about 795 million people of the 7.3 billion people in the world or one in nine suffering from chronic undernourishment in 2014-2016. United Nations reported, about 21,000 people die every day due to hunger or related causes. FAO finds about 60% of the victims of hunger are women. Annually 3.5 million of children die from acute malnutrition ...

Managing nuisance aquatic vegetation consist physical, biological and chemical methods. Among physical control, techniques such as mechanical operation from bank to the control of Aponogeton, Nymphaea, Nymphoides and Potamogeton, floating machinery for free-floating weeds such as Eichhornia sp. are in practice. Among chemical weedicides, flumioxazin (clipers) are widely used due to its broad spectrum activity, chemical herbicides are often applied with a gel adjuvant to increase its efficiency and avoid chemical wastage. Carps and Tilapia fishes are used in biological control methods; more ...

We live in a changing planet. Nature has its own agenda. But man tries to keep it unchanged by his activities based on so called 'sustainability'. This situation makes such ecosystems under human control more fragile than resilience. Even changed novel ecosystems do continue to provide its ecological functions but human efforts to make such ecosystems to look untouched is not always a meaningful solution. Success of modern environmental reforms can be clearly evaluated by evidencing the relationship between Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and the Gross National Happiness (GNH). This ...

Plastic is a non- biodegradable organic polymer, which is very commonly used in materials, large amounts of discarded plastics accumulating in oceans as Garbage islands and in land as landfills or blocking streams and waterways. Leaching of waste plastics from land filling and fumes released during incineration resulting major health impacts to living things as well as polluting the air, water, and soil, burning PVC releases cancer causing dioxins and PCB. Addition to recycling waste plastics also used in production of energy or in co-processing. Oxo-degradable plastics end up in fragments ...

Sightings of garbage at open dumping, curbside wastes, beach trash and various litter, badly maintained or abandon buildings, curb graffiti, spray painted names and messages, hoardings, billboards, street banners, advertisement signs, electronic signs and public LED screens, telephone and utility poles, telephone, electricity and TV cables and wires, damaged vehicles and buildings, curbside weeds, aquatic weeds and eutrophic lakes, oil spills, curbside potholes, beggars, street children, smog/ haze and smoke could be an eyesore to the viewer, visual-clutter by dazzling billboards is common ...

Seven of top ten marine fisheries consist 30% of world’s fish catch are fully or over exploited, according to the report of Environmental justice foundation, each year about 10 million tons of bycatch are taken by shrimp trawlers, it is also estimated about 150, 000 sea turtles are killed annually by prawn trawlers, subsidies given by governments for the careful utilization of ocean resources has reached $15-30 billion every year. Marine Stewardship Council has certified 12 fisheries for sustainable management. This book reviews the causes of over exploitation of coastal and marine ...

Ocean acidification is the equally evil twin of climate change and it happens alongside of the global warming. Ocean acidification has lowered the pH of the ocean waters by about 0.11 units (SCOR 2009 as cited in ‘Tech Ocean Science’, n.d.). This is mainly due to anthropogenic CO2 emission, amount of CO2 on upper layer of the ocean has been increasing by 2 billion tons per year. Oceans have absorbed 1/3 of the CO2 produced by human activities since 1800 and fossil fuel burning alone account for half of the CO2 in the atmosphere (Sabine et al., 2004 as cited in ‘Tech Ocean Science’, ...