Bernoulli's Fallacy

Statistical Illogic and the Crisis of Modern Science

De: Aubrey Clayton

Narrado por: Tim H. Dixon

There is a logical flaw in the statistical methods used across experimental science. This fault is not a minor academic quibble: It underlies a reproducibility crisis now threatening entire disciplines. In an increasingly statistics-reliant society, this same deeply rooted error shapes decisions in medicine, law, and public policy, with profound consequences. The foundation of the problem is a misunderstanding of probability and its role in making inferences from observations.

Aubrey Clayton traces the history of how statistics went astray, beginning with the groundbreaking work of the 17th-century mathematician Jacob Bernoulli and winding through gambling, astronomy, and genetics. Clayton recounts the feuds among rival schools of statistics, exploring the surprisingly human problems that gave rise to the discipline and the all-too-human shortcomings that derailed it. He highlights how influential 19th- and 20th-century figures developed a statistical methodology they claimed was purely objective in order to silence critics of their political agendas, including eugenics.

Clayton provides a clear account of the mathematics and logic of probability, conveying complex concepts accessibly for listeners interested in the statistical methods that frame our understanding of the world. He contends that we need to take a Bayesian approach - that is, to incorporate prior knowledge when reasoning with incomplete information - in order to resolve the crisis. Ranging across math, philosophy, and culture, Bernoulli’s Fallacy explains why something has gone wrong with how we use data - and how to fix it.

PLEASE NOTE: When you purchase this title, the accompanying PDF will be available in your Audible Library along with the audio.

©2021 Aubrey Clayton (P)2021 Audible, Inc.

Loved It

The first section of this book, dealing with the meaning of probability in a deterministic world, is hugely interesting and worth the purchase price alone. Despite taking plenty of statistics, I never actually thought about this and found it eye opening.

I confess that the middle sections dragged when talking about the various factions within the frequentist camps. There are also some very long equations that slow the text down in audiobook format in the middle. Still, this was deeply enjoyable and worthwhile. Recommend it!

Statistical method based upon Racist Justification

Immersed in the labyrinthine realms of statistical theory, I found myself captivated by the nuanced debate between the frequentist and Bayesian schools of thought. In the book I had the pleasure of reviewing, Clayton masterfully illuminates the stark incompatibilities that lie at the heart of these two methodologies. His adept critique of frequentist assertions, which he then artfully deconstructs, proved both enlightening and accessible, demanding no more than a foundational understanding of undergraduate statistics.

My intellectual voyage through this domain was profoundly enriched by Clayton's work, which bestowed upon me the essential historical context of the Bayesian versus frequentist discourse, underscoring Jaynes' work as a pivotal intellectual achievement.

Entitled "Bernoulli’s Fallacy," the book adeptly traces the trajectory of statistical thought, journeying from Bernoulli's pioneering efforts to the unsettling application of statistics in the pursuit of eugenic agendas. It also confronts the contemporary "crisis of replication" afflicting various research fields, a crisis stemming from an excessive dependence on statistical significance and p-values in hypothesis evaluation.

In its initial chapters, the book articulates its core concepts, which, though not revolutionary, remain critical and frequently misunderstood in modern discussions. These concepts pivot around the idea of probability as a subjective belief informed by available knowledge, the imperative of articulating assumptions in probability statements, and the transformation of prior probabilities into posterior probabilities via observation. The book underscores that data alone cannot yield inferences; rather, it reshapes our existing narratives based on their plausibility.

A pivotal insight from the book is the acknowledgment that improbable events do indeed transpire. This realization challenges the practice of deducing the veracity or fallacy of hypotheses solely based on the likelihood of observations. Instead, it advocates for adjusting our subjective belief in the plausibility of a hypothesis in relation to other competing hypotheses.

Moreover, the book elucidates a critical distinction: Bayesian and frequentist methods are not merely two different perspectives but rather, the Bayesian approach forms the bedrock of probability understanding, with the frequentist method emerging as a historical aberration, a specific instance within the expansive Bayesian paradigm.

It was particularly enlightening to learn how a small cadre of British mathematics professors, namely Galton, Fisher, and Pearson, engineered an entire statistical school of thought. This school, founded on flawed and convenient principles, served to justify and rationalize their eugenic and racist viewpoints, reinforcing the Victorian-era racial supremacy of the British upper class through a veneer of mathematical rationalization. This review offered a fascinating glimpse into a quasi-scientific method employed by researchers who, standing on shaky ground, resort to limited group sampling and mathematical subterfuge to lend false precision and authority to their biased models and probability findings.

Changes World Views

Occasionally one finds a book or audio presentation that challenges the roots, the rock, on which all you thought you and beliefs are based is dissolves and is taken away. For me, “Bernoulli’s Fallacy: Statistical Illogical and the Crisis of Modern Science” is that kind of book.

As a child, I always wanted to be a scientist when I grew up, even though I never worked as a scientist, science was my passion, the ability to use numerical analysis to aid in understanding the world, business, finance, production control, and scientific research and publications was the rock I based my view of reality on. From the earliest learning to graduate school in philosophy, it was what could be counted on and trusted. Logic, Mathematics, and Philosophy could be used to solve any problem. Then I read both text and digital versions and listened to the audio rendition once, twice, and now many more times.

Slowly, with the precision of a surgeons knife, Aubrey Clayton has cut the roots of my knowing and smashed the rock on which they were anchored.

Coming to see the logical fallacy upon which much of modern statics (the orthodox Frequentist methods) has deceived me in a since that many of my key beliefs and understanding are built on / based on errors, logical errors, that, under some conditions approximate what is correct or valid. However, when applied in general as the prescribed method of analysis, criterion for publication, and the preferred method of analysis, above all others, one finds that these methods lead to many issues and often bogus or even silly conclusions.

Even worse, the methods are all that has been taught at all levels of education in the statistics departments. The result of starting with logical errors, all that follows results in asking the wrong questions, designing the wrong experiments, analyzing incorrectly and getting result for the orthodox methods that lend themselves to easy manipulation, uncertainty, and the ability to cleverly wave the hands of complex methods and conclude the most absurd of all possible outcomes that may result in millions of deaths.

Hopefully more will read and study the text and ideas and arrive at conclusions that aid them in doing better science, living more wholesome life’s, and having a deeper appreciation for clear and accurate thinking.

Amazing book

Great read and must have for everyone in risk management community. Yet another wake up call to the flaws in many traditional risk analysis techniques.

Thoughtfully deep

This is a thought provoking epic, the author builds a solid case to question what you learned in your undergraduate course work.