French Enlightenment

The French Revolution casts a long shadow, one that reaches into our own time and influences our debates on freedom, equality, and authority. Yet it remains an elusive, perplexing historical event. Its significance morphs according to the sympathies of the viewer, who may see it as a series of gory tableaux, a regrettable slide into uncontrolled anarchy - or a radical reshaping of the political landscape. In this riveting new book, Ian Davidson provides a fresh look at this vital moment in European history. He reveals how it was an immensely complicated and multifaceted revolution....

A magisterial history that recasts the Enlightenment as a period not solely consumed with rationale and reason, but rather as a pursuit of practical means to achieve greater human happiness. One of the formative periods of European and world history, the Enlightenment is the fountainhead of...

From the cassoulet that won a war to the crêpe that doomed Napoleon, from the rebellions sparked by bread and salt to the new cuisines forged by empire, the history of France is intimately entwined with its gastronomic pursuits. A witty exploration of the facts and legends surrounding some of the most popular French foods and wines by a French cheesemonger and an American academic, A Bite-Sized History of France tells the compelling and often surprising story of France from the Roman era to modern times.

This volume in a series of world history case studies explores the life and relationships of Julie de Lespinasse, a thirty-four-year old woman who broke with convention and opened her own salon in Paris in 1764. What she created was a place where both established and nascent intellectuals were free to express themselves candidly. The novelty of that atmosphere regularly allowed Lespinasse to attract the leading figures of the Enlightenment to her salon, including d'Alembert, Diderot, Hume, and Rousseau. What emerges from these interactions and Lespinasse’s biography is a new perspective ...

Reason, Nature, and Freedom: Exploring the Ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a clear, engaging guide to one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment. Jean-Jacques Rousseau challenged the optimism of his age with bold critiques of inequality, property, and social corruption, while offering radical visions of freedom, education, and democratic community. His works inspired revolutions, shaped modern philosophy, and continue to spark debates about justice, individuality, and the meaning of authentic freedom. This book takes readers on a comprehensive journey through Rousseau’s ...

A bold new history of Europe, from ancient Greece to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. What do we talk about when we talk about Europe? Is it defined by geography? Or is it politics, or shared culture? In Europe, award-winning historian Roderick Beaton tells the story of Europe as never...

The French Revolution did not begin with the guillotine. It began with debt, hunger, privilege, failed reform, political fear, and a monarchy that could no longer command belief. In The French Revolution: Power, Terror, and the Fall of the Monarchy, Gordon J. MacKenzie places one of history’s most explosive upheavals on trial. Using the structure of a courtroom case, the book examines the Old Regime, Louis XVI, the Estates-General, the National Assembly, Paris and the crowd, the Church, Varennes, war, the fall of the monarchy, the king’s execution, the Terror, Robespierre, and the rise ...

François-Marie Arouet—Voltaire—perfected the philosophical tale, a literary form embedding profound questions about existence, justice, and human nature within entertaining narratives that made complex ideas accessible while evading censorship through wit and indirection. This volume presents his philosophical tales and essays spanning his career. In "Micromegas" (1752), a giant from Sirius visits Earth and discovers humanity's paradoxical nature: infinitesimal physical size matched against extraordinary intellectual achievement. The tale, among the first works of science fiction, uses...

Denis Diderot's Rameau's Nephew (Le Neveu de Rameau) stands as one of the most provocative and psychologically penetrating works of 18th-century French literature. Written around 1761-1774 but not published until after Diderot's death, this philosophical dialogue presents a fascinating encounter between two contrasting worldviews through the conversation between a rational philosopher (representing Diderot himself) and the eccentric, amoral nephew of the famous composer Jean-Philippe Rameau. The work takes the form of a dramatic dialogue set in a Parisian café, where the narrator ...

Jacques the Fatalist stands as one of Denis Diderot's most innovative and philosophically provocative works, a novel that gleefully dismantles the very conventions of storytelling while exploring profound questions about human agency and destiny. Written in the 1770s but not published until after Diderot's death, this remarkable narrative follows the journey of Jacques, a servant, and his unnamed master as they travel through the French countryside, their path interrupted by countless digressions, stories within stories, and the author's own intrusive commentary. The novel's central conceit...

Zadig is a young Babylonian philosopher — wise, honest, virtuous, and entirely unprepared for the consequences of being all three. His first love abandons him for a man less decent than himself. His second proves faithless. His scientific observations land him in prison, where he learns that being right is not the same as being safe. He rises to become prime minister of Babylon and falls in love with the queen, which is exactly the kind of wisdom that forces a man to become a fugitive. In succession he is a slave, a wanderer through Egypt and Arabia, a traveler who reasons his way through...

Voltaire’s Candide, first published in 1759, is one of the most influential and enduring works of satire in Western literature. Written during the Enlightenment, the novella presents a sharp critique of philosophical optimism, religious hypocrisy, and the cruelty of human society, all wrapped in a fast-paced and darkly humorous adventure. Through its witty and often absurd narrative, Candide remains as relevant today as it was in the 18th century, offering a timeless exploration of human folly, resilience, and the search for meaning. The story follows Candide, a naïve young man raised in...

This second volume of Voltaire's collected works presents four masterful tales from the mature phase of his literary career, written during the 1760s and 1770s when the philosopher had achieved both international fame and the hard-won wisdom of age. These works—"The Naive One," "The Man with Forty Crowns," "The Princess of Babylon," and "The Story of Jenni"—showcase Voltaire at his most sophisticated, wielding his considerable narrative powers to address the pressing social, economic, and religious questions of his time with renewed urgency and refined artistry. "The Naive One" stands ...

March 10, 1762: In Toulouse, Jean Calas—a sixty-eight-year-old Protestant merchant—is broken on the wheel for allegedly murdering his son to prevent Catholic conversion. The evidence: none. The verdict: determined by religious hatred. Voltaire transforms this atrocity into history's first modern human rights campaign. His Treatise on Tolerance, published 1763, secures Calas's posthumous exoneration while constructing one of the Enlightenment's most powerful arguments for religious freedom. Using the Calas case as lens, Voltaire demonstrates through historical evidence how intolerance ...

Will Durant's The Story of Philosophy: Voltaire and the French Enlightenment delves into the life and ideas of Voltaire, a central figure of the French Enlightenment. This volume explores Voltaire's contributions to philosophy, literature, and society, highlighting his advocacy for reason, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state. Durant's engaging narrative brings to life the vibrant era of the Enlightenment and Voltaire's enduring influence on modern thought. A must-read for anyone interested in philosophy and the history of ideas.

The Enlightenment has been nothing if not divisive, being blamed for bloody disasters - Auschwitz, the gulags, Islamic terrorism - as well as being heralded as the harbinger of reason and equality. To this day historians disagree over when it was, where it was, and what it was. Kieron O’Hara deftly traverses these conflicts, presenting the history, ideology, culture, and social life of the Enlightenment, not as a simple set of easily enumerated ideas, but rather as an evolving conglomerate that spawned a diverse set of thinkers.

The Enlightenment: An Idea and Its History provides a critical historical analysis of the Enlightenment in England, Scotland, France, Germany, and the United States from c. 1650 to the present. It argues that the degree of commonality between social and intellectual movements in each—and, more broadly, between the five societies—has been overstated for polemical purposes. Clark shows that the concept of 'the Enlightenment' was not widely adopted in those societies until the mid-twentieth century; indeed, that it was unknown in the eighteenth.

French philosophy has been led on by three most influent thinkers, each one bordering on literature and bringing new understandings to politics, philosophy, and religion. Michel de Montaigne is known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre; his style merges casual anecdotes and autobiography with deep intellectual insights. His "Essays" are among the most influential ever written; one can recognize Montaigne's direct influence on great literary figures all over the world.

The editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica are pleased to present The French Revolution Series. Here you will learn about the grandeur and opulence of the French régime, as well as its chaotic downfall and the new order that rose from its ashes. In this edition, the editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica examine France in the Age of Enlightenment, leading up to the causes of the French Revolution.

A BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR: NPR, Telegraph, Washington Post, The New Yorker. LONGLISTED FOR THE BOOKER PRIZE. “Like A.S. Byatt’s Possession, Enlightenment is a baroque, genre-bending novel of ideas, ghosts and hidden histories. A richly layered epic....a heartfelt paean to the consolations of...