Whaling was, in the words of one scholar, “early capitalism unleashed on the high seas.” How did the U.S. come to dominate the whale market? Why did whale hunting die out here — and continue to grow elsewhere? And is that whale vomit in your perfume? (Part 1 of “Everything You Never Knew About Whaling.”)

• SOURCES:
  • Eric Hilt, professor of economics at Wellesley College.
  • Nathaniel Philbrick, writer and historian.
  • Paul Watson, environmental activist and founder of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

• RESOURCES:
  • “Calls From the Deep: Do We Need to Save the Whales All Over Again?” by Sophy Grimshaw (The Guardian, 2020).
  • “The Very Small World of V.C.,” by Avi Asher-Schapiro (The New Republic, 2019).
  • “How Nantucket Came to Be the Whaling Capital of the World,” by Nathaniel Philbrick (Smithsonian Magazine, 2015).
  • “Fin-tech,” (The Economist, 2015).
  • “The Spectacular Rise and Fall of U.S. Whaling: An Innovation Story,” by Derek Thompson (The Atlantic, 2012).
  • Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America, by Eric Jay Dolin (2007).
  • “Incentives in Corporations: Evidence from the American Whaling Industry,” by Eric Hilt (NBER Working Papers, 2004).
  • In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex, by Nathaniel Philbrick (2000).
  • “Productivity in American Whaling: The new Bedford Fleet in the Nineteenth Century,” by Lance Davis, Robert Galiman, and Teresa Hutchins (NBER Working Paper, 1987).

• EXTRAS:
  • “Is Venture Capital the Secret Sauce of the American Economy?” by Freakonomics Radio (2021).
  • “Is the Future of Farming in the Ocean?” by Freakonomics Radio (2021).

It’s a haphazard way of paying workers, and yet it keeps expanding. With federal tax policy shifting in a pro-tip direction, we revisit an episode from 2019 to find out why.

• SOURCES:
  • John List, economist at the University of Chicago.
  • Michael Lynn, professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell University’s School of Hotel Administration.
  • Uri Gneezy, economist at the University of California, San Diego’s Rady School of Management.
  • Danny Meyer, founder of Union Square Hospitality Group, and founder and chairman of the board of Shake Shack.

• RESOURCES:
  • "How ‘No Tax on Tips’ Will Affect Waiters, Drivers and Diners," by Julia Moskin (New York Times, 2025).
  • “The Drivers of Social Preferences: Evidence from a Nationwide Tipping Field Experiment,” by Bharat Chandar, Uri Gneezy, John List, and Ian Muir (The National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019).
  • “Design and Analysis of Cluster-Randomized Field Experiments in Panel Data Settings,” by Bharat Chandar, Ali Hortacsu, John List, Ian Muir, and Jeffrey Wooldridge (The National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019).
  • “The Effects of Tipping on Consumers’ Satisfaction with Restaurants,” by Michael Lynn (The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 2018).
  • “The Importance of Being Marginal: Gender Differences in Generosity,” Stefano DellaVigna, John List, Ulrike Malmendier, and Gautam Rao (The American Economic Review, 2013).
  • “Restaurant Tipping and Service Quality: A Tenuous Relationship,” by Michael Lynn (The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 2001).

• EXTRAS:
  • “The No-Tipping Point,” by Freakonomics Radio (2016).
  • “Should Tipping Be Banned?” by Freakonomics Radio (2013).

They should have died out when the lightbulb was invented. Instead they’re a $10 billion industry. What does it mean that we still want tiny fires inside our homes?

• SOURCES:
  • Tim Cooper, professor emeritus of sustainable design and consumption at Nottingham Trent University.
  • Gökçe Günel, professor of anthropology at Rice University.
  • Steve Horenziak, president of the National Candle Association.
  • Meik Wiking, Danish happiness researcher, C.E.O. of the Happiness Research Institute.

• RESOURCES:
  • "The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy," by Markus Krajewski (IEEE Spectrum, 2024).
  • "The Obsolescence Issue," edited by Townsend Middleton, Gökçe Günel, and Ashley Carse (Limn, 2024).
  • More and More and More, by Jean-Baptiste Fressoz (2024).
  • "What Yankee Candle reviews can tell us about COVID," by Manuela López Restrepo, Christopher Intagliata, Ailsa Chang, and Sacha Pfeiffer (NPR, 2022).
  • Spaceship in the Desert, by Gökçe Günel (2019).
  • "The Birth of Planned Obsolescence," by Livia Gershon (JSTOR Daily, 2017).
  • "Beeswax for the Ages," by G. Jeffrey MacDonald (The Living Church, 2016).
  • The Waste Makers, by Vance Packard (2011).

• EXTRAS:
  • "Why Do People Still Hunt Whales?" by Freakonomics Radio (2023).
  • "How to Be Happy," by Freakonomics Radio (2018).