When U.S. deferred compensation is paid after you become a French tax resident, timing becomes critical. The interaction between U.S. taxation and French worldwide taxation can materially affect your effective tax rate.

In this episode, we break down how the foreign tax credit mechanisms work—and why large lump-sum payments can change the outcome.

Once resident in France, you are taxed on worldwide income.

Deferred compensation paid after relocation:

• Is included in French taxable income in the year of receipt

• Is subject to France’s progressive income tax rates

• May also trigger social contributions depending on classification

France grants a foreign tax credit equal to the French tax attributable to the foreign-source income, not the U.S. tax actually paid.

Implication:

If French tax exceeds U.S. tax → only the difference is payable in France.

The United States, under the Internal Revenue Code, continues to tax compensation sourced to U.S. services.

The U.S. allows a foreign tax credit for taxes actually paid to France, but subject to:

• Separate income baskets (e.g., general limitation income)

• Source-of-income rules

• Overall limitation calculations

• Carryforward rules

The system prevents double taxation—but does not guarantee a zero-tax outcome.

Large deferred compensation payments in a single year can:

• Push you into a higher French marginal bracket

• Increase the French tax attributable to the income

• Change the foreign tax credit limitation

• Reduce your ability to fully utilise credits

Because France uses a progressive rate structure, a multi-year deferral paid in one year can significantly alter the effective rate compared to staged payments.

The interaction between:

• French “attributable tax” credit methodology

• U.S. “taxes actually paid” credit rules

• Income basket limitations

can produce different outcomes depending on:

• Residency start date

• Payment schedule

• Income composition in that year

• Other foreign-source income

For individuals relocating from the U.S. to France:

• Deferred compensation does not escape taxation

• Both countries may tax the income

• Relief is available—but mechanically complex

• Timing can materially affect the final tax burden

Strategic planning should consider:

• Residency timing

• Payment scheduling

• Marginal rate impact

• Foreign tax credit optimisation

When it comes to cross-border deferred compensation, when you receive it can matter as much as how much you receive.

When income is taxed in both the United States and France, the solution is not exemption—it’s coordination. In this episode, we explain how the foreign tax credit mechanisms under the United States–France Income Tax Treaty operate in practice—and why the method differs on each side of the Atlantic.

France generally grants a foreign tax credit equal to the amount of French tax attributable to the foreign-source income, not necessarily the U.S. tax actually paid.

This means:

• If French tax on the income is higher than U.S. tax →

Only the difference is payable in France.

• If U.S. tax is higher than French tax →

The French credit may eliminate French tax, but the excess U.S. tax is not refunded by France.

The French system focuses on neutralising double taxation without creating a full exemption.

The United States allows a foreign tax credit for income taxes actually paid to France, under rules contained in the Internal Revenue Code.

However, the credit is subject to:

• Separate income baskets (e.g., general, passive)

• Source-of-income limitations

• Overall limitation formulas

• Carryforward and carryback rules

The U.S. system is designed to ensure that:

• Double taxation is prevented

• But income is not fully exempt from U.S. taxation

FranceUnited States

Credit equals French tax attributable to foreign income

Credit equals foreign tax actually paid

Neutralises excess French tax

Limited by sourcing and basket rules

Focus on territorial fairness

Focus on worldwide taxation framework

The result can vary depending on:

• Residency status

• Income classification

• Source rules

• Timing mismatches

Large deferred compensation payments—such as those governed by U.S. Section 409A—can complicate matters:

• A high-income year may push the taxpayer into a higher French marginal bracket.

• This increases the French tax attributable to the income.

• The foreign tax credit computation may change significantly.

In cross-border situations, timing becomes as important as structure.

Avoiding double tax between the U.S. and France is not automatic—it requires:

• Correct sourcing of income

• Proper classification under treaty rules

• Accurate foreign tax credit computation

• Awareness of marginal rate interaction

The treaty prevents double taxation—but only when its mechanisms are correctly applied.

Cross-border executives often assume deferred compensation is taxed where it was earned. Under U.S. Section 409A, that assumption can be costly once you become French tax resident.

In this episode, we unpack how Section 409A deferred compensation is taxed when the recipient is resident in France—and how double taxation is relieved under the treaty framework.

France taxes its residents on worldwide income.

When 409A deferred compensation is paid:

• It is generally treated as employment income

• It is taxable in France in the year of receipt

• It is included in the French progressive income tax base

This applies even if:

• The services were performed entirely in the United States

• The deferral occurred before moving to France

For French purposes, taxation is triggered by payment, not by where the income was originally earned.

The United States retains taxing rights because:

• The compensation relates to services performed in the U.S.

• It is U.S.-source employment income

Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code governs the timing and compliance of nonqualified deferred compensation plans.

As a result:

• The income remains taxable in the U.S.

• Withholding obligations may apply

Relief is typically available under the United States–France Income Tax Treaty.

However, important differences apply:

• France generally provides a foreign tax credit mechanism

• The U.S. also allows foreign tax credits, subject to sourcing rules

• The method of calculation differs between jurisdictions

Credit limitations, income category matching, and timing mismatches can affect the final outcome.

Because France applies progressive income tax rates, the timing of payment can materially impact:

• The marginal rate applied

• Social contributions exposure

• Overall effective tax rate

Large lump-sum payments in a single year may push the taxpayer into higher brackets.

Careful sequencing of:

• Payment schedules

• Residency timing

• Bonus deferrals

can significantly influence the tax burden.

For individuals who:

• Earned deferred compensation in the U.S.

• Later become French tax residents

The result is typically dual taxation with treaty relief, not exemption.

Key planning considerations include:

• Residency timing

• Payment structuring

• Treaty credit optimization

• Interaction with French progressive rates

Deferred compensation does not disappear across borders—it follows you.

China’s 2018 ODI reforms (Order No. 11) strengthened supervision of outbound investments. In this episode, we clarify what investors must do before, during, and after an overseas transaction—and why compliance sequencing matters.

Regulatory oversight involves:

1. National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
2. Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China (MOFCOM)
3. State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE)

Under the 2018 framework:

1. Certain projects require approval (e.g., sensitive sectors/countries).
2. Most ordinary projects require a record-filing notice from the NDRC.

Even where only filing is required, investors must obtain the record-filing notice before closing. Transaction documents commonly include regulatory clearance as a closing condition.

Without the relevant approval or filing confirmation, the investment cannot proceed through the foreign exchange system.

Order No. 11 introduced enhanced supervisory powers:

1. The NDRC may require written reports on “material events” during the transaction process.
2. The term is not exhaustively defined, creating interpretative discretion.

In practice, this can include significant changes to:

1. Investment structure
2. Counterparties
3. Financing arrangements
4. Transaction value
5. Political or regulatory conditions in the destination country

Order No. 11 added a transaction completion reporting requirement:

1. A report must be submitted within 20 business days after:
2. Completion of a construction project, or
3. Closing of an equity or asset acquisition.

This ensures regulators have visibility beyond initial approval or filing.

After NDRC/MOFCOM steps:

1. The project must be registered with a SAFE-authorised foreign exchange bank.
2. Required documents include:
3. Foreign exchange application forms
4. Business licence (with unified social credit number)
5. Relevant approval or filing documentation

Only after SAFE registration can funds be lawfully transferred abroad.

Outbound investment structures must comply not only with Chinese regulations but also with:

1. Anti-money laundering (AML) rules
2. Beneficial ownership transparency requirements
3. Automatic exchange frameworks such as the Common Reporting Standard (CRS), developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Any cross-border structure must be assessed for reporting obligations in both China and the destination jurisdiction.

Moving funds abroad through ODI is not informal—it is a structured, multi-agency process involving:

• Regulatory clearance

• Ongoing supervision

• Post-closing reporting

• Foreign exchange compliance

The 2018 reforms strengthened transparency and monitoring, reflecting China’s shift toward risk-managed outbound investment governance.

For enterprises and advisors, the critical factors are sequencing, documentation consistency, and full regulatory alignment.

China’s Outbound Direct Investment (ODI) regime does not only classify projects as “encouraged” or “prohibited.” A significant middle category exists: Restricted Investments.

These projects are not automatically banned—but they are subject to heightened scrutiny and approval requirements, particularly by the:

1. National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
2. Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China (MOFCOM)

A key feature in many restricted scenarios is whether domestic assets, onshore financing, or guarantees are involved. Projects fully funded overseas may fall outside certain restrictions.

The following investments require approval by the competent overseas investment authority:

Investments in:

1. Countries with no diplomatic relations with China
2. Countries affected by war or instability
3. Jurisdictions restricted under bilateral or multilateral treaties

Investments in:

1. Real estate development
2. Hotels
3. Film studios
4. Entertainment
5. Sports clubs

These sectors were targeted following concerns about capital outflows and speculative overseas acquisitions.

The establishment of offshore equity funds lacking a specific underlying industrial project is restricted.

Investments involving:

1. Outdated production equipment not meeting destination standards
2. Failure to comply with environmental or energy regulations

are subject to restriction.

Certain real estate-related activities are not treated as restricted, including:

• Property management and real estate agency services

• Properties acquired for self-use (offices, dormitories)

• Industrial parks, technology parks, logistics infrastructure

• Minority stakes acquired by construction firms to secure contracts

• Approved or filed uncompleted projects

• Projects fully funded overseas without domestic assets or guarantees

The following are excluded from restriction:

• Hotel management businesses (without property ownership)

• Restaurants without lodging services

• Approved or filed uncompleted projects

• Projects fully funded overseas, with no domestic asset involvement

Funds or platforms may avoid restriction where:

• No domestic assets are involved

• No onshore financing or guarantees are provided

• All capital is raised overseas

Additionally:

• Funds established by domestic financial institutions with prior regulatory approval...

While China encourages strategic outbound investment, certain categories are strictly prohibited. Projects that threaten national interests or national security will not receive approval or filing clearance from regulators.

Oversight is administered primarily by the:

1. National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
2. Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China (MOFCOM)

Without approval or filing confirmation, overseas investment cannot legally proceed.

Outbound investment involving:

1. Core military technologies
2. Defense-related products

is prohibited unless specifically approved by the state.

Investments that involve:

1. Technologies
2. Processes
3. Products

that are restricted or banned from export under Chinese law are not permitted.

This aligns ODI policy with China’s export control framework.

Chinese enterprises are expressly prohibited from investing in:

1. Gambling operations
2. Pornographic industries

These sectors are classified as incompatible with public policy and regulatory objectives.

Investments that contravene:

1. International treaties concluded or acceded to by China

are prohibited. This ensures ODI compliance with China’s international obligations.

Any overseas investment deemed to:

1. Endanger national interests
2. Jeopardize state security

will be rejected.

This is a broad safeguard provision allowing regulators to block transactions on strategic grounds.

Prohibited projects:

• Will not receive approval

• Will not receive filing confirmation

• Cannot proceed through foreign exchange registration

• May expose enterprises to administrative penalties

China’s ODI framework is not simply about economic expansion—it is closely aligned with:

• National security policy

• Export control laws

• Public order considerations

• International treaty obligations

Enterprises planning outbound investment must conduct careful sector screening before engaging with regulators.

China’s Outbound Direct Investment (ODI) policy is not neutral—it is strategically guided. Certain categories of overseas investment are actively encouraged, particularly where they align with national development priorities and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

In this episode, we outline the sectors and themes that receive policy support.

Projects that enhance:

• Cross-border infrastructure

• Regional connectivity

• Transport corridors

• Energy pipelines and grids

• Port and logistics networks

Investments that strengthen economic integration with neighbouring countries—especially along BRI corridors—are prioritised.

China supports ODI projects that promote:

• High-quality equipment exports

• Advanced manufacturing standards

• Engineering and technical services

• Industrial park development abroad

The goal is to export superior production capacity and technical expertise, reinforcing China’s position in global supply chains.

Investment cooperation with:

• Overseas high-tech enterprises

• Advanced manufacturing companies

• Research and development centres

Establishing overseas R&D facilities is encouraged to enhance technological competitiveness and global integration.

Participation in overseas:

• Oil and gas exploration

• Mineral resource development

• Energy infrastructure

is supported—subject to prudent commercial and economic assessment.

This reflects long-term energy security considerations.

China promotes mutually beneficial overseas investment in:

• Agriculture

• Forestry

• Animal husbandry

• Fisheries

Agricultural ODI supports food security diversification and cross-border cooperation.

ODI policy also encourages orderly expansion into:

• Commerce

• Culture and media

• Logistics

• Professional services

Eligible financial institutions are supported in establishing:

• Overseas branches

• Service networks

• International financial platforms

Encouraged ODI projects typically:

• Support national strategic goals

• Enhance global connectivity

• Strengthen industrial competitiveness

• Promote long-term resource security

• Expand China’s financial and commercial footprint

The direction of policy reflects targeted global integration rather than unrestricted capital outflow.

In March 2018, China introduced significant reforms to its Outbound Direct Investment (ODI) regime. These changes—implemented through Order No. 11—expanded regulatory oversight, tightened supervision of indirect investments, and clarified the treatment of sensitive sectors.

In this episode, we break down what changed and why it matters.

Prior to 2018, ODI rules primarily focused on direct outbound investments by Chinese entities.

The reform broadened the scope to include:

• Investments made indirectly

• Through controlled offshore entities

• Owned by Chinese companies or natural persons

This significantly expanded regulatory reach beyond mainland-incorporated investors.

Oversight is administered primarily by the

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC).

Under Order No. 11:

• Chinese investors must submit a project report to the NDRC

• Before closing any outbound investment of USD 300 million or more

• Including investments conducted via controlled offshore subsidiaries

This requirement applies prior to transaction completion, strengthening pre-closing supervision.

For regulatory purposes, “control” is defined broadly and includes:

• Direct or indirect ownership of 50% or more of voting rights, or

• The ability to direct operations, financial policy, HR, or technical affairs

This ensures that offshore SPVs and holding companies cannot be used to bypass ODI supervision.

A notable clarification:

• Regulatory approval is no longer a condition precedent to the legal validity of the investment agreement.

• However, it remains an enforceable regulatory requirement and is typically included as a closing condition in transaction documents.

This aligns regulatory compliance with commercial deal mechanics.

Following rapid capital outflows and speculative investments, authorities introduced stricter scrutiny of certain industries.

Sectors classified as restricted or undesirable include:

• Hotels

• Real estate

• Film and entertainment

• Sports clubs

The gambling industry is classified as prohibited.

These classifications form part of China’s broader capital management and macroeconomic stability strategy.

The 2018 ODI reforms:

• Expanded oversight to offshore-controlled entities

• Tightened pre-closing reporting for large transactions

• Clarified regulatory vs contractual validity

• Strengthened sector-based supervision

The reforms reflect China’s shift from simple encouragement of outbound expansion to targeted, risk-managed global investment governance.