In this video interview, Iron Sheep Ministries' board member Jeff Stasko interviews Renewal Prayer Network's president, Jay Richmond, talking about the challenges faced in ministry and how RPN comes alongside to support.

Renewal Prayer Network (RPN) provides:

- Interim Pulpit Supply (guest preaching)

- Church Consulting/Assessment

- Networking for Pastors/Leaders

- Prayer Counseling

For more details contact RPN:

https://www.renewalprayer.net/

1 (518) 330-7403

rpn.jay@gmail.com

Outline of talk:

01:32 - What is Renewal Prayer Network (RPN)? Don & Joyce Mostrom were the founders back in 1994.

02:47 - What does RPN do in a practical way?

04:35 - As you minister to the body of Christ, what are some of the things that RPN does?

11:41 - What is your personal story Jay? How has God prepared you for the ministry you have been called to? What was the transition like from full time pastoral ministry into full time with Renewal Prayer Network?

19:48 - Hardships in Pastor Jay's personal life

Irene Cirillo - Christ in action prayer

https://www.christinactionprayer.com/

29:36 - Reformed Church of Schoharie

32:52 - "I used to come up with the plan, and then ask God to bless it."

35:05 - Pride in the church - "I want it my way."

35:56 - Based on your vast reach in our area, what are some of the challenges you see for the body of Christ?

38:56 - What did Jesus command?

41:12 - What are some of the impacts of RPN on your personal life? Closing thoughts.

Support Iron Sheep Ministries: https://Ironsheep.org/donateListen to the podcast: https://anchor.fm/ironsheepContact Dave & the ISM team: info@ironsheep.orgBe notified of each new teaching, join the email list: http://eepurl.com/g-2zAD

In this Bible Study, Dave covers 60 verses; from Leviticus 6.8 - through the end of chapter 7. In this segment we see additional directions given for the priests as it relates to the six different offerings. In doing this, Dave goes through and does a quick review of each of the six offerings outlined in Leviticus 1-7: the Burnt Offering, Grain Offering, Sin Offering, Guilt Offering and the Fellowship Offering. Its a long study, but it wraps up this first segment of the book of Leviticus. Outline:00:51 - Teaching Outline:6.8-13 - The Burnt Offering6.14-23 - The Grain Offering6.24-30 - The Sin Offering7.01-10 - Guilt Offering (aka trespass or Restoration offering)7.11-21 - The Fellowship Offering7.22-7:27 - Eating Fat and Blood of an offering is forbidden7.28-7.36 - The Priests’ Share (Wave Offering / Ordination Offering)7.37-38 - conclusion02:57 - Lev 6.8-13 - The Burnt Offering (Covered in Lev 1)Gen 4.4, Gen 8.18-21, Gen 22.2, Lev 7.8, Lev 6.8-1310:21 Lev 6.14-23 - The Grain Offering (Covered in Lev 2) - Lev 2 - Gift - Minḥâ מִנְחָה - Gen 32-33 - Gen 43:11 - Lev 6.14-2314:59 - Lev 6.24-30 - The Sin Offering (aka the purification offering) - (covered in Lev 4.1-5.13)22:56 - Lev 7.01-10 - Guilt Offering (aka trespass or restitution offering, compensation offering or penalty offering) - Covered in Lev 5.14-6.728:14 - Lev 7.11-21 - The Fellowship Offering (AKA: “well-being” or “peace” offering (Covered in Lev 3). 1 Kings 8.62-63 Solomon offers a fellowship offering at the dedication of the temple37.18 - Lev 7.22-27 - Eating Fat and Blood of an offering is forbidden - Gen 9.4 - Lev 3.17 - Lev 17.10-1442:18 - Lev 7.28-36 - The Priests’ Share (Wave Offering / Ordination Offering)46:08 - Should people in ministry be paid for their work? Do we need to tithe to the church? Why? Where does it say that in the Bible? - Deut 25.4 - Luke 10.7 - 1 Tim 5.18 - 1 Cor 9.9 - Malachi 3.10-52:34 - Lev 7.37-38 - Conclusion & ApplicationJesus is the fulfillment of the entire Law (including the Levitical sacrificial system) - it all points to Christ. The Warren Wirsbe quote is from The Bible Exposition Commentary (link in bibliography below)Proof texts: - 1 Pet 2.24 - 1 Pet 1.18-19 - Heb 10.1-25 - Matt 5.17-18Support Iron Sheep Ministries: https://Ironsheep.org/donateListen to the podcast: https://anchor.fm/ironsheepContact Dave & the ISM team: info@ironsheep.orgBe notified of each new teaching, join the email list: http://eepurl.com/g-2zADReferences:Dave reads from an NIV (New International Version) of the Bible.Alexander, Desmond T., Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch. Downers Groce, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2003.https://www.christianbook.com/dictionary-testament-pentateuch-compendium-contemporary-scholarship/9780830817818/pd/17812?event=ESRCGBarker, L. Kenneth. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Abridged Edition, Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. https://www.christianbook.com/expositors-commentary-abridged-volume-1-testament/kenneth-barker/9780310254966/pd/54963?event=BRSRCG|PSENGane, Roy. The NIV Application Commentary, Leviticus, Numbers. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2004.https://www.christianbook.com/leviticus-numbers-niv-application-commentary/roy-gane/9780310210887/pd/210887?event=BRSRCG|PSENTenney, Merrill. New International Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1987.Purchase: https://www.christianbook.com/niv-dictionary-of-the-bible/j-d-douglas/9780310534891/pd/0534891?event=ESRCGWiersbe, Warren W.. The Bible Exposition Commentary, Old Testament, The Pentateuch. Colorado Springs, CO: David C. Cook, 2001. https://www.christianbook.com/the-bible-exposition-commentary-6-volumes/warren-wiersbe/9786125030474/pd/030474?event=ESRCG

In this Bible Study we we look at the final of the offerings in the opening chapters of Leviticus, the Guilt or Restitution offering. This offering is unique to the others in that it requires restitution be made to the offended party and an additional penalty be paid for the sin (whatever it was). This has application for us today, as we ask the Lord if there are wrongs we have done in our past that we need to make right.

Outline:

02:03 - reading of Leviticus 5.14-6.7

05:20 - Lev 5.15 - “Guilt Offering” (NIV). Other translations: “trespass offering,” “compensation offering,” “restitution offering,” “reparation offering,” or “penalty offering.”

6:41 - Lev 5.15 & 6.2 - “Unfaithful to the Lord” (NIV)

WORD STUDY, Unfaithful, maʿal מַעַל (Mah-al): “unfaithful or treacherous act, trespass, against man or against God.”

09:11 - Lev 5.15 & 16, 18, 6.6 - “a ram”

09:36 - Lev 5.15, 18 & 6.6 - of the proper value in silver, according to the sanctuary shekel.

11:06 - What is a “Sanctuary shekel valued at?”

- Ex 30.13 - 1 sanctuary shekel weighs twenty gerahs

- 1 Sanctuary shekel, weighed ⅖ of an ounce or 12 grams.

11:53 - Lev 5.16 - “They must make restitution” (NIV & most others), “Make amends” (KJV), “restore” (NET).

WORD STUDY (Restitution): šālam שָׁלַם (Shaw-lam) - Pay, render, restore, repay, recompense, requite, to make peace with, to make whole.

13:21 - Lev 5.16 & 6.5 - penalty of a fifth of its value (20%)

14:04 - Recap of the steps of the guilt offering

15:08 - Luke 19.1-10 - Restitution by Zacchaeus

16:31 - Why were Tax collectors so despised by the Jews? Matt 9.9-11

21:22 - What does it mean to be a “son of Abraham?”

- Heb 11.8

- Gen 15.6

- Gal 3.7

22:24 - Application - Restitution is not a requirement of salvation, but it does demonstrate repentance.

Support Iron Sheep Ministries: https://Ironsheep.org/donateListen to the podcast: https://anchor.fm/ironsheepContact Dave & the ISM team: info@ironsheep.orgBe notified of each new teaching, join the email list: http://eepurl.com/g-2zAD

In this study, Bible teacher, Dave Bigler (Iron Sheep Ministries), guest teaches at Adirondack Christian Fellowship. Dave covers Matthew chapter 3, looking at who is John the Baptist? What was his assignment? What was his Job? Dave concludes with an application asking, what is our job as Christ followers today?OUTLINE:02:13 - introduction and outline of Bible Study - Background on John the Baptist03:10 - OT prophecies of a messenger that would prepare the way: - Isaiah 40:3-5 - Malachi 3.104:32 - Luke 1.5–66, 80 - His birth was a miracle of the Lord (in answer to prayer) - His birth was foretold by an angel (Gabriel) - His father was a Levite working in the temple. - He will be great in the sight of the Lord - He was never to take wine or fermented drink - part of the nazarine vow of Nu 6. - He will be filled with the HS even before he is born. - John was strong in the spirit - John lived in the wilderness until his ministry started.11:53 - John 1.1-8 - John was a witness to testify of the Light - of Jesus. 13:13 - John 1.35-42 - Jesus’ first two disciples were first disciples of John the Baptist. This is Andrew (Peter’s Brother) and the Apostle John.14:32 - Mark 1.1-5 - Mark starts the “beginning of the good news” with John the Baptist.16:06 - Matt 3.1-2 - “REPENT for the kingdom of heaven is near” 16:56 - What does the word Repent mean in the Bible? - Word Study: Repent “metanoeō,” μετανοέω18:36 - Matt 3.3 - Prepare the way for the Lord.19:11 - l Matt 3.4 - This was a wild dude20:43 - Matt 3.5-6 - confessing their sins and being baptized. - Confession is a therapeutic and critical for repentance. - Baptism symbolizes a rebirth, a washing away of sin, a cleaning. 22:24 - Matt 3.7-8 Brood of vipers - Pharisees and Sadducees25:27 - why does John the Baptist question if Jesus is the Messiah? 26:36 - Matt 3.11 - I baptize w/ water - He will baptize with the Holy Spirit. Acts 1.1-5 27:49 - Matt 3.13-17 - Why does Jesus get baptised? 30:02 - More on John the Baptist to study and dig deeper in the future: - Matt 11.11 - There is no one greater than John the Baptist?- Matt 11.14 - John is the Elijah who is to come (Mal 4.5) - Matt 14.1-12 - John’s death31:31 - Application Support Iron Sheep Ministries: https://Ironsheep.org/donateListen to the podcast: https://anchor.fm/ironsheepContact Dave & the ISM team: info@ironsheep.orgBe notified of each new teaching, join the email list: http://eepurl.com/g-2zAD

In this Bible study, we focus on Revelation 3.14-22. This is a message from Jesus to the church of Laodicea. Laodicea was one of seven churches in Asia Minor (modern-day western Turkey) to which Jesus had the Apostle John write a letter. The church in Laodicea thought they were rich and successful, when in God’s eyes, they were weak and spiritually useless. Laodicea was judging itself on the world’s standard, not God’s. Join us as we dig deep and learn how this applies to us today.OUTLINE:03:06 - Huntersfield Retreat Center - https://www.huntersfieldny.com/03:38 - Outline05:44 - Background on Revelation and the island of Patmos. Rev 1.1-3 & 9-20 12:52 - Background on the letters to the seven churchesThe seven churches were in Asia Minor, all in the vicinity of Ephesus. (present-day western Turkey). Rev 2.114:47 - WORD STUDY: “Angel” - angelos ἄγγελος (Greek). A messenger, envoy, one who is sent, a messenger from God.16:45 - Read Revelation 3.14-2218:22 - Verse by Verse break down and expository study of the context for the church in Laodicea in its day.18:22 - Rev 3.14 - “These are the words of the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the ruler of God’s creation.”19:17 - WORD STUDY: The Almighty - Pantokratōr - Παντοκράτωρ - he who holds sway over all things; the almighty.20:02 - Rev 3.15 - “I know your deeds…”20:35 - Rev 3.15 - “...you are neither cold nor hot”24:16 - Rev 3.16 - “so because you are lukewarm - neither hot nor cold - I am about to spit you out of my mouth” - AMP: ‘So because you are lukewarm (spiritually useless), and neither hot nor cold, I will vomit you out of My mouth [rejecting you with disgust].24:50 - Rev 3.17 - “you say, ‘I am rich; I have acquired wealth and do not need a thing.’ 25:04 - Background on the city of Laodicea 27:37 - Rev 3.17 “You do not realize that you are wretched, pitiful, poor, blind, and naked.”29:37 - Rev 3.18 “I counsel you to buy from me gold refined in the fire, so you can become rich; and white clothes to wear, so you can cover your shameful nakedness, and salve to put on your eyes, so you can see.”29:58 - What is the refiner's fire? John 6.2733.44 - Closing 4 verses: 4 special statements (An explanation, an exhortation, an invitation, an Assertion)34:05 - Rev 3.19a - An Explanation, “Those whom I love I rebuke and discipline.” Pro 3.11-12. God allows trials to shape us into who he wants us to become35:24 - Rev 3.19b - An Exhortation - “Be earnest and repent.” Repent of pride, humble yourself before the Lord. Three commands for Laodieca: Buy from me gold refined in the fire; Be earnest; and Repent37:01 - Rev 3.20 - An Invitation - Open the door, invite Jesus into your life.39:11 - Rev 3.21-22 - An Assertion. 41:09 - Applications for us today.41:22 - An Explanation - How do you measure the success of your life?43:38 - An Exhortation - Value yourself based on how God sees you. 44:04 - What is propitiation? How does God value us? 1 John 4.9-1045:06 - An Invitation - OPEN THE DOOR. John 15.548:20 - An Assertion - Rely on the Lord as your strength, and he will be ever present (Psalm 46). Empty yourself of your self and out of your weakness, seek the Lord’s hel,p and His power will be made perfect in you (2 Cor 12.9-10).Support Iron Sheep Ministries: https://Ironsheep.org/donateListen to the podcast: https://anchor.fm/ironsheepContact Dave & the ISM team: info@ironsheep.orgBe notified of each new teaching, join the email list: http://eepurl.com/g-2zAD

Leviticus 05.1-13 Bible Study - Sin Offering (Part 2)In this Bible study, we look at the 2nd half of the Sin Offering as outlined in Leviticus 5.1-13. The Israelites were required to perform a “sin offering” if they failed to do something that was required, such as failing to give a testimony, dealing properly with ritual uncleanness, or fulfilling an oath. We also look at the “sin offering” as the “purification offering” asking why a woman who just gave birth would be required to give a “sin offering?” A key verse in this passage is Leviticus 5.5 in which the text tells us that confession is key to the process. OUTLINE:01:45 - What is Iron Sheep Ministries? 07:04 - Outline of the talk: 5.1-6 Failure to do something that was required: - v1 - Failure to give testimony, which could prevent justice from being carried out. - v2-3 - Failure to deal properly with ritual uncleanness, which could lead to the Lord’s tabernacle being defiled.- v4 - Failure to fulfill an oath, which would result in the Lord’s name being profaned. In any of the above. ONCE they realized their guilt there were two things they had to do.- v5 - Confess their sin- v6 - bring an offering to the Tabernacle so the priest could make atonement for them.5.7-13 - Three possible offerings, adjusted according to the economic situation of the person bringing the offering. EVERYONE has the opportunity to make a sacrifice, no matter how poor they were. 08:42 - Leviticus 5.1-1312:02 - Lev 5.1 - public charge to testify - it was considered a sin to see something and not say something. 14:25 - Lev 5.2-3 - “ceremonially unclean” - we see unclean as being related to public health or hygiene. A better way to think of a ceremony unclean vs clean is adequately prepared for worship.Rev 7.141 John 1.722:45 - purification offeringWORD STUDY: Ḥaṭṭā'āṯ חַטָּאָת (hea-taw-aw) - “sin, sin offering, purification from sins of ceremonial uncleanness.”Occurs 294x in KJV, 82x in Lev, 32x in Lev 4-5:13Lev 5.2-3Lev 12.1-8Luke 2.22-2430:29 - Lev 5.4 OathsMat 5.33-3732:50 - Lev 5.5 - confess - 35:55 - why is confession important? When you realize your guilt, the very first step, you must go through is to confess your sin before the Lord. He already knows what you did! But if you refuse to acknowledge your sin, then there is no room for the Holy Spirit to work in you. The Lord’s discipline is a good thing. Pro 3.11-12Heb 12.7-11Support Iron Sheep Ministries: https://Ironsheep.org/donateListen to the podcast: https://anchor.fm/ironsheepContact Dave & the ISM team: info@ironsheep.orgBe notified of each new teaching, join the email list: http://eepurl.com/g-2zADReferences:Dave reads from an NIV (New International Version) of the Bible.Alexander, Desmond T., Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch. Downers Groce, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2003.https://www.christianbook.com/dictionary-testament-pentateuch-compendium-contemporary-scholarship/9780830817818/pd/17812?event=ESRCGBarker, L. Kenneth. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Abridged Edition, Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. https://www.christianbook.com/expositors-commentary-abridged-volume-1-testament/kenneth-barker/9780310254966/pd/54963?event=BRSRCG|PSENGane, Roy. The NIV Application Commentary, Leviticus, Numbers. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2004.https://www.christianbook.com/leviticus-numbers-niv-application-commentary/roy-gane/9780310210887/pd/210887?event=BRSRCG|PSENWiersbe, Warren W.. The Bible Exposition Commentary, Old Testament, The Pentateuch. Colorado Springs, CO: David C. Cook, 2001. https://www.christianbook.com/the-bible-exposition-commentary-6-volumes/warren-wiersbe/9786125030474/pd/030474?event=ESRCG

The sin offering (also known as the purification offering) is covered in Leviticus chapter 4 as well as the first thirteen verses of chapter 5. In this study, we will look at the first portion, as outlined in Leviticus chapter 4. The sin offering was an offering required when an individual (or group) had sinned unintentionally. The offering atoned for the sin and cleansed them from unrighteousness. What is the application for this for us today? Do we have such an offering for our sin?Outline: 00:08 - Introduction to sin/purification offeringThis is a required offeringThese are also newly establishedThe Sin offering is atonement made for unintentional sin03:48 - Lev 4.1-2 - intro for all sin offerings04:45 - What is the definition of sin? Leviticus 4.2: “Does what is forbidden in any of the Lord’s commands” 1 John 3.408:54 - What is unintentional sin?Word study: שְׁגָגָה šᵊḡāḡâ “Sha-gaw-gaw” “sin of error or inadvertent sin” Psalm 19.12: cleanse thou me from secret faults. - KJV (hidden)- NIV13:20 - What is intentional or defiant sin?Num15.30-31 “‘But anyone who sins defiantly, whether native-born or foreigner, blasphemes the Lord and must be cut off from the people of Israel. 31 Because they have despised the Lord’s word and broken his commands, they must surely be cut off; their guilt remains on them.’”2 Sam 11-13Psalm 5119:27 - Lev 4.3-12 - If the “anointed priest” sinsHEB 5.1-6Jesus is our high priest “order of Melchizedek, read (read Heb 7-10)27:04 - Lev 4.13-21 - If the “whole Israelite community” sins30:02 - Lev 4.22-26 - If “a leader” sins31:31 - Lev 4.27-35 - If “any member of the community” sins33:53 - Let's look at the differencesThe animal sacrificed: A young bull, a male goat, a female goat or a lambTreatment of the blood. The first two offerings (anointed priest and community) the blood is sprinkled via a finger in front of the curtain dividing the holy place and the most holy place. As well as on the horns of the altar of incense. The second two offerings (leader and individual) the blood is put on the horns of the bronze altar (outside the tent) - WHY the difference?37:31 - APPLICATION: Jesus is our sin offering.- 2 Cor 5.21- Matt 26.28- 1 Pet 2.24- Rom 8.1-4- 1 Jhn 2:1-2- 1 Jhn 4.10- Heb 13.11-16Support Iron Sheep Ministries: https://Ironsheep.org/donateListen to the podcast: https://anchor.fm/ironsheepContact Dave & the ISM team: info@ironsheep.orgBe notified of each new teaching, join the email list: http://eepurl.com/g-2zADReferences:Dave reads from an NIV (New International Version) of the Bible.Alexander, Desmond T., Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch. Downers Groce, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2003.https://www.christianbook.com/dictionary-testament-pentateuch-compendium-contemporary-scholarship/9780830817818/pd/17812?event=ESRCGBarker, L. Kenneth. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Abridged Edition, Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. https://www.christianbook.com/expositors-commentary-abridged-volume-1-testament/kenneth-barker/9780310254966/pd/54963?event=BRSRCG|PSENGane, Roy. The NIV Application Commentary, Leviticus, Numbers. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2004.https://www.christianbook.com/leviticus-numbers-niv-application-commentary/roy-gane/9780310210887/pd/210887?event=BRSRCG|PSENWiersbe, Warren W.. The Bible Exposition Commentary, Old Testament, The Pentateuch. Colorado Springs, CO: David C. Cook, 2001. https://www.christianbook.com/the-bible-exposition-commentary-6-volumes/warren-wiersbe/9786125030474/pd/030474?event=ESRCG

In this Bible study, we unpack Leviticus chapter three and the Fellowship Offering (also known as the peace offering). The Fellowship Offering was designed to be a thanksgiving offering made in friendship and peace with the Lord. The offering was a cow, goat or sheep (male or female) shared between; God, the priests, and the offerer. While we no longer need to sacrifice animals to say thanks to God there is a lesson to be learned here.

Outline:

01:24 - “Fellowship Offering” word study - šelem, שֶׁלֶם - “Peace offering, requital, sacrifice for alliance or friendship. voluntary sacrifice of thanks.” “Shalom” - The root of this word is the same that is used for Shalom. First use, Exo 20.24. Lev 23.15-21

04:00 - Leviticus 3 reading

06:57 - Lev 3.1-6, “herd” Lev 3.6-16 “flock.” Herd = cows, bulls. Flock = sheep or goats. Notice that V7-11 specifies a lamb (within the flock category) and V12-16 is goats (within the flock category).

08.12 - Lev 3.1, 6 - “Male or female” - unique to the offerings this far - could offer a female animal for the fellowship offering.

08:35 - Lev 3.1, 6 - “without defect” - similar to Lev 1:3&10 - burnt offering. Lev 22.21-25 - the animal could be deformed or stunted.

10:30 - Lev 3.2, 8, 13 - “lay your hand on the head of the offering.” Same as Lev 1.2,8,13. This is your animal, you own it, you are sacrificing it, you are giving it up, you are taking ownership of the sacrifice. Rather then atonement for your sins, you are doing it in thanksgiving and honor to God. “I know you will provide, I want to share this with you”

12:00 - Lev 3.2, 8, 13 - “Splash the blood against the sides of the altar” Same as Lev 1.5,11,15.

Lev 17.14 - the life of a creature is its blood. The blood on the Altar was yet another reminder that a valuable animal gave up its life. This is important. This is sacred

14:07 - Lev 3.7-11 - lamb and V12-16 Goat within the same family. Compare: 7-12,8-13,9-14. The only real difference v9 - the entire fat tail of the lamb - sheep in Malawi

15:44 - Sheep versus goats in Malawi. Sheep have tails and look like dogs.

17:39 - A pleasing aroma to the Lord

18:20 - Lev 3.17 - A lasting ordinance for generations to come - you must not eat any fat or any blood? Gen 9.4 - (amp) “you shall not eat meat along with its life, that is, its blood.” Lev 7.22-27, “Eating Fat and Blood Forbidden. Lev 17.10-12, “Eating Blood Forbidden”

21:15 - why were the Jews forbidden from eating blood in their meat?

24:21 - Additional details about the fellowship offering from outside Lev 3.

Lev 7.31-34; Lev 6-7; 1 Kings 8.62-63, 65-66.

29:36 - APPLICATION. Which type of Christian are you?

Reference:

Support Iron Sheep Ministries: https://Ironsheep.org/donate

Listen to the podcast: https://anchor.fm/ironsheep

Contact Dave & the ISM team: info@ironsheep.org

Be notified of each new teaching, join the email list: http://eepurl.com/g-2zAD

References:

Dave reads from an NIV (New International Version) of the Bible.

Barker, L. Kenneth. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Abridged Edition, Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994.

Gane, Roy. The NIV Application Commentary, Leviticus, Numbers. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2004.

Tenney, Merrill. New International Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1987.

Wiersbe, Warren W.. The Bible Exposition Commentary, Old Testament, The Pentateuch. Colorado Springs, CO: David C. Cook, 2001.