Dream Hoarders

How the American Upper Middle Class Is Leaving Everyone Else in the Dust, Why That Is a Problem, and What to Do About It

De: Richard V. Reeves

Narrado por: Richard V. Reeves

America is becoming a class-based society.

It is now conventional to focus on the wealth of the top 1 percent - especially the top 0.01 percent - and how the ultra-rich are concentrating income and prosperity while incomes for most other Americans are stagnant. But the most important, consequential, and widening gap in American society is between the upper middle class and everyone else.

Reeves defines the upper middle class as those whose incomes are in the top 20 percent of American society. Income is not the only way to measure a society, but in a market economy it is crucial because access to money generally determines who gets the best quality education, housing, health care, and other necessary goods and services.

As Reeves shows, the growing separation between the upper middle class and everyone else can be seen in family structure, neighborhoods, attitudes, and lifestyle. Those at the top of the income ladder are becoming more effective at passing on their status to their children, reducing overall social mobility. The result is not just an economic divide but a fracturing of American society along class lines. Upper-middle-class children become upper-middle-class adults.

These trends matter because the separation and perpetuation of the upper middle class corrode prospects for more progressive approaches to policy. Various forms of "opportunity hoarding" among the upper-middle class make it harder for others to rise to the top rung. Examples include zoning laws and schooling, occupational licensing, college application procedures, and the allocation of internships. Upper-middle-class opportunity hoarding, Reeves argues, results in a less competitive economy as well as a less open society.

Inequality is inevitable and can even be good, within limits. But Reeves argues that society can take effective action to reduce opportunity hoarding and thus promote broader opportunity. This fascinating book shows how American society has become the very class-defined society that earlier Americans rebelled against - and what can be done to restore a more equitable society.

©2017 Richard V. Reeves (P)2017 Blackstone Audio, Inc.

Dream hoarders indeed.

It’s an intriguing read to put America’s hardening class system into perspective. With that said, I found myself thinking at various points in the book “there’s no way that’s going to happen”. There’s a recognition by the author that the American class system is hardening by stopping less fortunate folks from moving up and allowing more fortunate folks to stay in the upper middle class or top 20%. All the solutions proposed by the author felt like a far cry from reality. America, is unfortunately built on rugged individualism, so it seems unlikely that the top 20% will give up resources to provide opportunities to the less fortunate as opposed to hoard them for themselves.

Kneecap your kids & destroy internships, 509 & etc

There is a group with their own jargon, such as "opportunity hoarding", "saviorism" and the like, which I came across when listening to the Integrated Schools podcast. When trying to figure out what the heck was opportunity hoarding good explanations were hard to understand and I hoped this book would provide insight. Did Dream Hoarders provide insight? Maybe, but I really can't explain the concept without being insulting, because the author irritated me. The concept still seems vague and squishy, but I'll boil it down to kneecap your and your friends' kids, destroy internships and 509 education funds, and non-ivy league colleges and universities don't exist.

The author, Mr. Reeves, lives in MoCo, MD, which is just next door to where I live in Washington, DC so I'm aware of the bubble he lives in. His kids attend, "public-private schools", these are what most people call "good schools", public schools with a lower percentage of low income, ESL, and minority kids. Our friends in Montgomery county sent their kids to these superior government schools. If parents in DC want that for their kids, we'd have to move West of the [Rock Creek] Park (WOTP) or go with private schools. The whole schools' discussion is way too big for a review and Reeves doesn't go into depth here so I'll skip it and get to the things that bugged me about the book.

I, myself come from a working-lower-middle class African-American Southern background. I attended state universities, had internships and summer job opportunities in my career field, am happy in my career, and being married my household makes a low 6 figures. So Reeves' obsession with Harvard and other ivy league schools, and hostility to internships, tax deductions, and college savings plans came across as not just wanting to hold the upper-middle class back but the lower and middle-middle classes as well under some misguided idea that it would help the lower-income classes. Reeve's audience are other white upper-middle class liberal/lefties, not being white and only wishing we could be making $200K his argument falls flat with me. I have not been convinced that legacy college entrants, whatever the heck Harvard is doing, eliminating my mortgage interest deduction, and other tax breaks are a problem. If you are already leaning in that direction or exist in Reeves' bubble it probably doesn't take that much convincing.

I know people who have attended Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Except for a few fields where it matters, nobody cares. Seriously. I tried to get a job for a Harvard alum friend of mine, the Harvard connection was utterly useless, as he did not have any relevant experience for the position in the organization. In the bubble, you can be convinced that those school connections really matter. But if you look at functional, not famous, but profitable or quietly successful organizations and look at the leadership, you will find a few ivies but a lot of University of [State]. Get out of Reeves' bubble and look around with a skeptic's eye.

He has a problem with unpaid internships and unpaid work experience opportunities. Yes, the powerful, have abused or taken advantage of internships and other connections to help their children. For Reeves that is a reason to throw the baby out with the bathwater. Totally ignored are programs, like internship programs like the one I, my husband and classmates used as part of our Library degree program (yes, librarians raking in the dough /sarcasm), youth work programs as like DC's Marion S. Barry created Summer Youth Employment Program (google it), and a variety of internships that provide some resume worthy work experience. Reeves is blind to how they help lift ambitious low-income, lower-mid and middle-middle class kids and wants to destroy that opportunity for the people below him in an effort to bring down others in his class.

This theme of knocking out opportunities for the low-income to mid-income in the name of not hoarding opportunities continues throughout the book. Let's take another example, tax deductions. I've been doing my taxes since I was 17 with my first W-2 job working as a cashier. If you have one job, a tiny savings, and you don't make much you're filling out the 1040EZ. I didn't fill out the complicated 1040 until I bought a house. The upper classes aren't the only ones using various deductions. Self-employed low-mid income people, like my relatives, itemize. Yes, a little less than half of the filers don't itemize because the standard deduction is big enough not to bother. But Reeves ignores that and makes suggestions that would harm people like my dad the junk hauler, and my cousin who runs a barbershop in a rundown area. Reeves is so high up he can't even contemplate the damages he's suggesting. The mortgage deduction could use a cap, but not elimination. Other tax related suggestions include getting rid of the 509 college savings plans, tax benefits for retirement, tax savings when selling a home and other things Mr. and Mrs. and Ms. Middle America takes advantage of.

Getting back to kids and why I wanted to understand the concept, Reeves seems to suggest kneecapping children. Not literal kneecapping, and getting CPS involved. No, but handicapping children so they won't hoard the dreams of others. Reeves fails to illustrate how what he suggests actually helps the classes below his. He says instead of bringing your own child to work on bring your kid to work day, bring some other kid. Where does this other kid come from? Who is going to let someone they vaguely know run off with their kid to do heaven knows what? A better suggestion would be for managers to suggest childless employees bring a neighbor kid/ younger sibling, etc. to their work. But it really depends on the organization, our agency provides maybe a few hours to be bored sitting at mom/dad's cubicle and then go somewhere else in the building for busywork. What concerns me greatly is how middle and upper class left leaning parents of kids with disabilities (neurodiverse, physically handicapped, etc) ingest this message. This seems like an excuse to not treat those problems early. He doesn't say it, but someone could also see it as an excuse to not support daughters. No college for you young lady. Don't make an income and marry a working class Joe. I know he doesn't say it, but to take the book to a logical conclusion, you could go there, back in the kitchen.

Since this review is getting long, I will end it on a positive note. It's only four hours and British Oxbridge accents are nice to listen to. He did manage to lose his lower middle class accent, but British, not too cockney/Scottish/Yorkish I can't understand it, accents are nice. As it is four hours, one can listen to it while doing some other task.

Half right, Half exasperating, Ultimately Naive

I suspect much of the appeal of this book for what he calls ‘upper middle class’ listeners is Reeves’ almost RP accent - which conjures up evening spent watching Downton Abbey and the Crown. Well done, Richard.

Having the advantage of seeing American society as an upper middle class quasi-outsider - no educate Brit can ever be a true outsider in this land of adoration of most things perceived as British - Reeves is perceptive in describing what our upper middle class is in the process of becoming. He strikes me as profoundly naive, however, in conflating the earned privileges of the upper middle class with the still legally enforced privileges of the British aristocracy, even in its broader form that includes their non titled children and relations. We have no equivalent of the squirearchy or the monarchy, however much some would to have it in substance (though, of course, not form). He might well be on firmer ground if he saw (he may well, the book does not make the point) our growing bureaucracy based in Washington as something akin to the permanent Establishment of the British civil service. (Much of which, it should be noted, has worked assiduously over the past 50 years to thwart the policies of Tory prime ministers from Harold Macmillan to Margaret Thatcher and down to the present day. But I digress.

Where Reeves is exasperating are in his naive assumptions that his position is the morally superior, that all forms of inequality are ultimately inherently wrong, and in his almost touching commitment to a Jacobin, almost Marxian, notion of the perfectibility of human nature. For virtually all of his prescriptions for change are based on the notion that human beings will ignore what they perceive (accurately, he admits ) as their broader self-interest (i.e., including children and descendants) in order to support policies designed to ensure more (though not total) equality of result.

Moreover, perhaps because of ignorance of American history, Reeves seems to fail to understand that almost all of the things he cites, such as zoning, tax breaks for housing, standardized testing, etc. were originally progressive reforms intended in many cases to increase opportunity. He seems to have missed the lectures on the law of unintended consequences.

Again, it goes to his naivete, but perhaps Reeves' fundamental error is in seeing all of these barriers as intentionally created for the purpose of keeping the masses down.

That said, I think the book is useful for the honesty and clarity of the diagnosis. I’d love to give it a split rating: 5 stars for observation and exposition of his diagnosis, and 0-1 stars for moral preening and prescription.

Very Good... But

Very thorough analysis! However, he never made much if a case for the conservative upper-class citizen to voluntarily change course. Relative mobility is a very tough sell.

I may be over not going to Harvard 40 years ago. The combination of a middle class economic level and Jimmy Carter made the full merit-based scholarship to an excellent state school an easy decision. The same thing happened 3 years later for medical school. I am sure that similar situations are still happening to even upper middle class students today. To ask groups to voluntarily to give up dreams is a very tall order!

Truth!

I would qualify as the upper middle class based on my household income, though I certainly never thought about myself this way. Reading this book has helped me to see my own privilege a different light and has made me aware of the things I want to hang on to (certain tax breaks and seeing my property value keep rising) and how that self-interest keeps opportunities away from others who are less fortunate. I hope that more people read this book and that a new movement emerges-- one in which we in the upper middle class become more self-reflective and that this awareness leads to real efforts to find better ways to share opportunities, even if it means giving some things up.