Themes

• The search for meaning and purpose in life

• The contrast between free will and historical determinism

• The cyclical nature of history and social change

• The futility and destructiveness of war

• The importance of family 

• Class divisions and social inequality in 19th-century Russia

• Personal growth and self-realization through adversity

Setting

War and Peace is set primarily in Russia during the Napoleonic Era, spanning the years 1805 to 1820. The story unfolds against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars, with a particular focus on Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. Tolstoy vividly portrays both the glittering world of the Russian aristocracy in peacetime and the brutal realities of war as Napoleon's Grande Armée marches toward Moscow.

Much of the action takes place in Russia’s two greatest cities. St. Petersburg, the imperial capital, is depicted as a cosmopolitan city where the nobility speak French and imitate European fashions. Moscow, the old capital, is portrayed as more traditionally Russian. The novel also ventures into the countryside, describing life on the grand estates of the Russian nobility. Key battle scenes are set in Austria and western Russia as the Russian army engages Napoleon's forces.

Beyond the physical settings, Tolstoy paints a sweeping portrait of Russian society in the early 19th century. He depicts a world in transition, where the old feudal order is beginning to crumble but new structures have not yet taken shape. The Napoleonic invasion acts as a catalyst for change, shaking Russian society to its core and setting the stage for the social upheavals that would follow in subsequent decades. Through his vivid descriptions and insightful social commentary, Tolstoy brings this pivotal era in Russian history to life.

Characters

• Pierre Bezukhov: The socially awkward illegitimate son who unexpectedly inherits a fortune. Pierre struggles to find meaning in life and undergoes spiritual growth throughout the novel. He marries the beautiful but unfaithful Helene, joins the Freemasons, and later finds love with Natasha.

• Prince Andrei Bolkonsky: A cynical but thoughtful aristocrat who seeks glory in war. Disillusioned with both his marriage and society, Andrei finds new purpose through his friendship with Pierre and falls in love with Natasha. He dies after being wounded in battle.

• Natasha Rostova: A lively, romantic young woman who matures over the course of the novel. Natasha is impulsive in love, nearly eloping with Anatole but later finding redemption. She eventually marries Pierre and finds fulfillment as a wife and mother.

• Nikolai Rostov: Natasha's brother, a hussar who matures from an impetuous youth to a responsible man. Nikolai struggles with gambling debts but finds purpose in the army. He marries Princess Maria and takes over management of the family estate.

• Princess Maria Bolkonskaya: Prince Andrei's deeply religious sister. Maria endures her father's harsh treatment and finds strength in her faith. She marries Nikolai Rostov and becomes a loving wife and mother.

• Count Ilya Rostov: Natasha and Nikolai's genial but irresponsible father. His poor financial management nearly ruins the family.

• Countess Natalya Rostova: The mother of Natasha and Nikolai, who strives to see her children well-married.

• Sonya Rostova: Nikolai's cousin and first love, a kind but passive character. She remains devoted to the Rostov family despite not marrying Nikolai.

• Prince Vassily Kuragin: An ambitious and unscrupulous schemer constantly seeking to advance his family's position.

• Helene Kuragina: Prince Vassily's beautiful but immoral daughter who marries Pierre for his fortune.

• Anatole Kuragin: Helene's brother, a handsome pleasure-seeker who nearly ruins Natasha.

Quick facts

• War and Peace is more than 1,200 pages long in most printed editions and contains over 580,000 words.

• Tolstoy spent more than five years researching and writing his epic novel. 

• Tolstoy rewrote War and Peace multiple times, with his wife Sophia hand-copying the manuscript at least seven times.

• There are over 550 named characters in the novel, with around 160 of them being real historical figures.

• War and Peace was originally serialized in a periodical called The Russian Messenger from 1865 to 1867.

• Tolstoy considered the work to be more than a novel, referring to it as an “epic in prose."

• About two percent of the novel is written in French, reflecting the bilingualism of Russian aristocracy at the time.

• The character of Natasha Rostova was partially based on Tolstoy's wife Sophia and his sister-in-law, Tanya Behrs.

• Tolstoy extensively researched the Napoleonic Wars and consulted with military experts while writing the battle scenes.

• War and Peace has been adapted numerous times for film, television, and opera.

• Perhaps the most famous screen version is Sergei Bondarchuk's Soviet film epic, which won an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film in 1969.

About the Author

Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) was one of the greatest Russian authors of the 19th century, renowned for his monumental novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Born into an aristocratic family, Tolstoy initially led a life of privilege before experiencing a profound spiritual awakening that dramatically shifted his worldview. This transformation led him to embrace Christian anarchism, pacifism, and asceticism in his later years.

As a writer, Tolstoy was acclaimed for his realistic depictions of Russian society and deep psychological insights into the human condition. His works often explored moral and philosophical themes, with many of his later writings focusing on Christian ethics and social reform. Tolstoy's literary influence extended far beyond Russia, inspiring authors and thinkers around the world. His uncompromising moral stance and critiques of organized religion and government authority made him a controversial figure in his time.

Tolstoy's ethical and religious beliefs evolved significantly over his lifetime. He became a fervent advocate of nonviolent resistance, a philosophy that would later influence Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. Tolstoy also embraced vegetarianism, seeing it as aligned with his spiritual and moral values. In his final years, he became increasingly interested in Georgism, an economic philosophy that advocates for communal ownership of land.

The legacy of Leo Tolstoy extends far beyond his literary works. His ideas on nonviolence, simplicity, and moral living continue to resonate with people around the world. In Soviet Russia, Tolstoy's works were widely published and his estate was preserved as a museum, though his more radical ideas were often downplayed. Today, Tolstoy is remembered not only as a literary giant but also as a moral philosopher whose teachings continue to inspire discussions on ethics, spirituality, and social justice.