The Cardinal arrests d'Artagnan, but is impressed by his courage and offers him a position. D'Artagnan declines, but accepts a promotion to lieutenant in the Musketeers. He offers the promotion to his friends, but they refuse it for various reasons. Though saddened by Constance's death, d'Artagnan looks forward to his new rank that he had long coveted.

Themes

• Loyalty and friendship

• Honor and duty

• Love and romance

• Revenge and justice

• Politics and power struggles

• Adventure and heroism

• Coming of age and personal growth

Setting

Alexandre Dumas' swashbuckling adventure novel The Three Musketeers takes place in early 17th century France, during the reign of King Louis XIII. Set between 1625 and 1628, the story unfolds against the backdrop of political intrigue and power struggles in the French royal court. This was a time of transition, as the monarchy sought to consolidate its power while facing challenges from the nobility and religious factions.

Much of the action occurs in Paris, the seat of royal power and center of courtly life. Key locations include the Louvre Palace, home to the king and queen, as well as the headquarters of the King's Musketeers. The bustling streets and taverns of Paris provide a vibrant urban setting for many of the novel's duels and adventures. However, the story also ranges beyond the capital, following the characters to other parts of France and even across the English Channel to London.

Dumas vividly depicts the contrast between the glittering world of the aristocracy and the gritty reality of life for common soldiers and servants. From opulent royal balls to seedy inns and back alleys, the novel paints a colorful portrait of French society across different social strata. This rich tapestry of settings allows Dumas to explore themes of loyalty, honor, and political machination against an exciting historical backdrop.

Characters

• D'Artagnan: Young, impetuous Gascon who travels to Paris to join the Musketeers. Brave and clever, he quickly befriends the three musketeers and becomes entangled in court intrigues. D'Artagnan falls in love with Constance Bonacieux and helps foil Cardinal Richelieu's plots against the queen.

• Athos: The most senior of the three musketeers, he is a noble and intelligent man with a mysterious past. Athos serves as a father figure and mentor to D'Artagnan. He struggles with alcoholism due to his troubled history with Milady de Winter.

• Porthos: A musketeer who is vain and fond of fashionable clothes, but incredibly strong. Though not the most intellectual of the group, Porthos is loyal and brave in battle. He hopes to marry a wealthy older woman to secure his fortune.

• Aramis: The most refined and educated of the musketeers, Aramis vacillates between his religious calling and his love of women and intrigue. He is an excellent swordsman and skilled at court politics.

• Cardinal Richelieu: The main antagonist, he is the cunning and powerful chief minister to King Louis XIII. Richelieu schemes to increase his own power and influence while undermining the queen.

• Milady de Winter: A beautiful but ruthless spy working for Cardinal Richelieu. She is Athos's former wife and becomes D'Artagnan's deadly enemy. Milady is branded as a criminal and seeks revenge on those who wrong her.

• Constance Bonacieux: The queen's seamstress and D'Artagnan's love interest. She helps the queen in her secret affairs and is eventually kidnapped by the Cardinal's forces.

• Monsieur de Tréville: Captain of the Musketeers and mentor to the main characters. He is loyal to the king and helps protect the musketeers from the Cardinal's schemes.

Quick facts

• The novel was originally published as a serial in the French newspaper Le Siècle from March to July 1844.

• Dumas wrote the book in collaboration with Auguste Maquet, who helped with plot outlines and historical research.

• The character of d'Artagnan was based on a real 17th century musketeer named Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan.

• Many of the other characters, including Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIII, were also based on real historical figures.

• The famous “one for all, all for one” motto does not actually appear in the original French text of the novel.

• Dumas took inspiration from a 17th century memoir titled Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras.

• The novel has been adapted into over 50 films, making it one of the most frequently dramatized works of literature.

• Dumas wrote two sequels: Twenty Years After (1845) and The Vicomte de Bragelonne (1847-1850).

• The book was initially banned in Russia by Czar Nicholas I for its republican sentiments.

• Dumas was paid by the line for the serialized novel, incentivizing him to include more dialogue and extend scenes.

About the Author

Alexandre Dumas was one of the most prolific and popular French authors of the 19th century. Born in 1802 to a mixed-race general and his wife, Dumas overcame racial prejudice to become a literary giant. He is best known for his historical adventure novels like The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo, which have been translated into nearly 100 languages and adapted countless times for film and television.

Dumas began his writing career as a successful playwright before turning to novels. He employed a team of assistants to help research and draft his works, allowing him to produce an astonishing volume of writing - over 100,000 pages in his lifetime. His exciting, fast-paced stories full of action, romance and humor appealed to a wide audience and made him one of the highest-earning writers of his day. However, his lavish lifestyle often left him in financial trouble despite his success.

Beyond his famous adventure tales, Dumas wrote extensively in other genres including essays, travel books, and a massive encyclopedia of cuisine. He was also politically active, participating in the 1830 revolution that brought Louis-Philippe to power and later going into exile when Louis-Napoleon took control. Dumas's mixed racial heritage occasionally made him a target of discrimination, which he confronted with wit and pride in his African ancestry.

Though his popularity waned somewhat after his death in 1870, Dumas's literary legacy has endured. His novels continue to be widely read and adapted, and in 2002 his remains were moved to the Panthéon in Paris in recognition of his importance to French culture. Dumas stands as one of the great storytellers of world literature, whose thrilling tales of heroism and adventure have captivated readers for generations.