Themes

• Love and obsession

• Beauty versus ugliness

• Music as a powerful force

• Appearance and reality

• The nature of good and evil

• Redemption through compassion

• The allure of the mysterious and unknown

Setting

Set in the late 19th century, The Phantom of the Opera unfolds primarily within the opulent Palais Garnier in Paris, France. This grand opera house, completed in 1875, provides a lavish backdrop for the mysterious events that transpire. The story's setting captures the glittering world of Parisian high society during the Belle Époque, a period of peace and optimism in Western Europe.

While most of the action takes place within the opera house, Leroux also takes readers into its shadowy underbelly. The Phantom's lair, hidden deep beneath the building, is a crucial setting that contrasts sharply with the gilded upper levels. This subterranean realm, complete with an underground lake, adds a gothic element to the Parisian backdrop and serves as a metaphor for the hidden depths of human nature.

Beyond the opera house, the novel briefly ventures to other locations in Paris, including the Perros-Guirec cemetery where Christine visits her father's grave. These excursions provide a broader view of late 19th-century Paris, highlighting the city's mix of modernity and ancient history, elegance and mystery. Throughout the story, Leroux's vivid descriptions bring to life the grandeur and intrigue of this iconic era in the French capital.

Characters

• Erik (The Phantom): A deformed musical genius, brilliant magician and ventriloquist, and skilled architect, Erik haunts the Paris Opera House, using secret passageways he built. He tutors Christine Daaé in singing and becomes obsessively infatuated with her. Despite his fearsome reputation, Erik is deeply lonely and longs for acceptance and love.

• Christine Daaé: A young Swedish soprano at the Paris Opera. Christine is tutored by Erik, whom she believes to be the “Angel of Music” her late father promised would guide her. She is torn between her devotion to her mysterious teacher and her love for her childhood friend Raoul. Christine's incredible singing voice and innocent nature make her the object of Erik's obsession.

• Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny: Christine's childhood friend who falls in love with her. Raoul is a young nobleman who tries to rescue Christine from Erik's influence. He is brave and determined to protect Christine but also impetuous and naive about the dangers they face. Raoul's rivalry with Erik for Christine's affections drives much of the plot.

• The Persian: A mysterious man from Erik's past who helps Raoul. The Persian knows many of Erik's secrets and acts as a guide and ally to Raoul in the opera house's underground chambers. The precise nature of his relationship with Erik is never fully explained.

• Madame Giry: The opera's strict box keeper. She delivers messages from the Phantom and is one of the few who knows some of his secrets.

• Meg Giry: Madame Giry's daughter and a ballet dancer. She is Christine's friend and often tries to help her.

• Carlotta: The opera's temperamental prima donna. She is frequently the target of the Phantom's pranks and schemes to promote Christine.

• Armand Moncharmin and Firmin Richard: The new managers of the opera house. They are skeptical of the Phantom's existence until faced with his increasingly disruptive and dangerous antics.

Quick facts

• Gaston Leroux was inspired by eerie rumors and unexplained events at the Paris Opera House, including a chandelier that fell and crashed, injuring several people and killing one.

• A firm believer in the supernatural, Leroux wrote The Phantom of the Opera in part to prove that ghosts could exist.

• Leroux conducted extensive research into the Opera House's history and architecture to make the story feel authentic.

• There is an actual underground lake beneath the Paris Opera House, which Leroux incorporated into his story.

• The character of Erik was partly based on a real deformed man who had lived and worked at the Paris Opera House.

• The Phantom's mask in the novel only covers half his face, unlike the full-face mask in many adaptations.

• The Phantom of the Opera was serialized in the French newspaper Le Gaulois from 1909 to 1910 before being released as a book in 1910.

• An entire chapter from the original serialized version was left out of the novel and not translated into English until 2014.

• Leroux wrote a lesser-known sequel short story called “The Phantom of the Opera's Secret” in 1911.

• The Phantom of the Opera was not an immediate success upon its publication. 

• The 1925 silent film starring Lon Chaney renewed interest in the Phantom’s story.

• Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical catapulted The Phantom of the Opera to global  fame, running for 35 years on Broadway and continuing in London's West End.

About the Author

Gaston Leroux (1868-1927) was a French journalist and author. His most famous work is The Phantom of the Opera, a Gothic mystery and romance first released as a novel in 1910. The story of the tragic figure who haunts the Paris Opera House has inspired adaptations including the celebrated 1925 silent film starring Lon Chaney and Andrew Lloyd Webber's Tony Award-winning 1986 musical, which ran on Broadway for a record 35 years. 

Born in Paris, Leroux began his career as a court reporter and theater critic for newspapers like L'Écho de Paris and Le Matin. As an international correspondent, he covered major events including the 1905 Russian Revolution. In 1907, Leroux left journalism to focus on writing fiction, publishing dozens of novels over the next two decades. 

Beyond the Phantom, Leroux was known for his detective fiction, particularly his series featuring the amateur sleuth Joseph Rouletabille. His 1907 novel The Mystery of the Yellow Room is considered a classic of the locked room mystery genre. Leroux's contributions to detective fiction have been compared to those of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in Britain and Edgar Allan Poe in the United States.

In addition to his writing career, Leroux co-founded a film company called Société des Cinéromans in 1919 to adapt novels into films. He received France's Legion of Honour in 1909 in recognition of his literary achievements. He died at the age of 58 in Nice, France.