Frollo makes one last attempt to win Esmeralda's love, but she rejects him again. Enraged, he turns her over to the authorities. As Esmeralda is hanged, Quasimodo pushes Frollo from the cathedral tower to his death. Quasimodo then disappears, never to be seen again. Years later, when the tomb of Esmeralda is opened, two entwined skeletons are found - one of a hunchback embracing the other.

Themes

• Fate and free will

• Social injustice and hypocrisy

• The nature of true love versus lust

• Appearance versus reality

• The power of architecture and literature

• Societal outcasts and their treatment

• The conflict between good and evil

Setting

Victor Hugo's classic novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame is set in Paris in the year 1482, during the reign of King Louis XI. The story unfolds against the backdrop of medieval France in the late 15th century, a time of great cultural and societal change. Paris serves as the central location, with much of the action taking place in and around the iconic Notre-Dame Cathedral.

The cathedral itself plays a crucial role, acting as both a physical setting and a symbolic presence throughout the narrative. As a masterpiece of French Gothic architecture, Notre-Dame embodies the artistic and religious spirit of the era. Hugo uses the building to explore themes of historical preservation and the conflict between medieval and Renaissance values.

Characters

• Quasimodo: The novel's titular character, a deformed hunchback who is the bell-ringer of Notre-Dame Cathedral. Abandoned as a baby, he was adopted and raised by Claude Frollo. Quasimodo is shunned by society due to his appearance but shows great kindness and loyalty. He falls in love with Esmeralda after she shows him compassion. Despite his fearsome exterior, Quasimodo has a gentle soul and risks everything to protect Esmeralda.

• Esmeralda: A beautiful 16-year-old Roma street dancer who is kind and compassionate. She becomes the object of desire for multiple men in the story, including Quasimodo, Claude Frollo, and Captain Phoebus. Esmeralda falls in love with Phoebus but is ultimately betrayed by him. Her kindness towards Quasimodo is one of the few instances of humanity he experiences. Esmeralda's tragic fate drives much of the novel's plot.

• Claude Frollo: The Archdeacon of Notre-Dame and the novel's primary antagonist. He adopts and raises Quasimodo but develops an obsessive, lustful fixation on Esmeralda. Frollo's internal struggle between his religious duties and his carnal desires for Esmeralda leads him to increasingly villainous acts. His descent into madness and cruelty propels much of the tragedy in the story.

• Captain Phoebus: A handsome but arrogant and womanizing soldier who becomes the object of Esmeralda's affections. He is engaged to Fleur-de-Lys but attempts to seduce Esmeralda. Phoebus is stabbed by Frollo but survives, allowing Esmeralda to be falsely accused of his attempted murder.

• Pierre Gringoire: A struggling poet who becomes entangled in the story after accidentally wandering into the Court of Miracles. He marries Esmeralda to save his own life but develops genuine affection for her. Gringoire serves as something of an audience surrogate, observing and commenting on events.

• Clopin Trouillefou: The King of Truands (leader of the beggars and thieves of Paris). He presides over Gringoire's mock trial and “marriage” to Esmeralda. Clopin later leads an attack on Notre-Dame Cathedral to rescue Esmeralda.

• Sister Gudule: A reclusive anchoress living in seclusion in Paris. She is revealed to be Esmeralda's biological mother in a tragic twist near the end of the story.

Quick facts

• Hugo wrote the novel in part to draw attention to the neglected state of Gothic architecture in Paris, especially Notre Dame Cathedral.

• The character of Quasimodo was inspired by a hunchbacked sculptor Hugo saw working at Notre Dame.

• Hugo finished writing the novel in just six months, from September 1830 to March 1831.

• The original French title was Notre-Dame de Paris. The English title focusing on the Hunchback came later.

• The novel's popularity led to major renovations of Notre Dame Cathedral in the 19th century.

• Hugo included the word “ΑΝÁΓΚΗ” (Greek for “fate") carved into a wall of Notre Dame, though this was his own invention.

• The novel popularized the term “Court of Miracles” to refer to slum neighborhoods in Paris.

• Hugo wrote detailed chapters on architecture that were often cut from earlier English translations.

• The novel has been adapted into over a dozen films, numerous stage productions, and even a Disney animated musical.

• Hugo's novel saved Notre Dame from demolition and helped launch the historical preservation movement in France.

About the Author

Victor Hugo was one of the most influential French writers of the 19th century. Born in 1802, Hugo became a leading figure of the Romantic literary movement, producing acclaimed works in multiple genres including poetry, novels, and plays. His most famous novels are The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) and Les Misérables (1862), both of which have been adapted numerous times for stage and screen. Hugo was also known for his political activism and spent nearly 20 years in exile after opposing Napoleon III's coup in 1851.

As a novelist, Hugo explored themes of social injustice and moral philosophy. The Hunchback of Notre-Dame examines the plight of marginalized people in 15th century Paris, while Les Misérables offers a sweeping indictment of inequality in post-revolutionary France. His writing style was characterized by vivid imagery, emotional intensity, and moral commentary. Hugo's works often incorporated elements of history and architecture, reflecting his deep interest in French culture and society.

Hugo was a passionate advocate for political and social causes. He campaigned against the death penalty and slavery, and promoted public education and freedom of the press. After going into exile on the Channel Islands in 1851, Hugo continued to criticize the French government through his writing. Upon returning to France in 1870, he was celebrated as a national hero and elected to the National Assembly. Hugo remained committed to humanitarian ideals throughout his life, famously declaring “To love is to act."

Victor Hugo died in 1885 at the age of 83. He was given a state funeral attended by over two million people and buried in the Panthéon in Paris. His legacy as both a literary master and moral voice has endured, with his works continuing to be widely read and adapted. Hugo's portrait appeared on French banknotes, and numerous places around the world bear his name. He is remembered not only for his artistic achievements, but also for his lifelong dedication to human rights and social progress.