What is Logotherapy?

Viktor E. Frankl developed Logotherapy, which suggests that the search for meaning drives human life. It is known as the "Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy" and differs from Freud's and Adler's models by emphasizing meaning over pleasure or power. The approach focuses on the existential vacuum, a sense of purposelessness that can lead to distress or neuroses.

Frankl identifies three ways to find meaning: completing significant tasks, forming connections with others, and adopting a transformative attitude toward unavoidable suffering. He explains these ideas using his experiences in concentration camps, where he found inner freedom by imagining future goals. For instance, he helped a patient find purpose by reframing his grief as a sacrifice for his late wife.

Man's Search for Meaning suggests that engaging in meaningful activities leads to happiness and success. Frankl asserts that the essence of human existence is the responsibility to identify and fulfill life's unique tasks.

Sources of meaning in life

In Man's Search for Meaning, Viktor Frankl identifies three avenues through which individuals can find life's meaning: work, love, and courage in adversity.

Work

Frankl asserts that meaning through work arises from engaging in purposeful activities that extend beyond mere labor. In concentration camps, prisoners who found meaning in their daily tasks experienced improved morale and coping mechanisms in their environment.

Love

Frankl views love as a profound source of meaning. His thoughts about his wife during his time in Auschwitz offered him comfort and motivation during difficult times. He writes, “The salvation of man is through love and in love.” This suggests that love can elevate individuals, even in challenging circumstances.

Courage in adversity

Frankl believes personal victory is possible by facing suffering with courage. He states, “The way in which a man accepts his fate and all the suffering it entails... gives him ample opportunity—even under the most difficult circumstances—to add a deeper meaning to his life.” This perspective indicates that resilience can provide agency and purpose when facing significant challenges.

Personal growth through suffering

In Man's Search for Meaning, Viktor E. Frankl explores the potential for personal growth within suffering. He draws on his experiences in Nazi concentration camps to argue that meaning can emerge even in profound hardship. Frankl posits that life's significance persists under unbearable conditions. This means that suffering becomes more bearable when it holds meaning.

Frankl describes how he found mental strength by imagining his wife during his time in the camps. This experience illustrates how love can drive resilience and growth in the face of despair.

A key part of Frankl's philosophy is that individuals should seek meaning in their suffering. He references Nietzsche, stating that having a purpose can help endure adversity. Frankl believes that meaning and purpose are vital for coping with life's challenges and transforming them into opportunities for fulfillment. Instead of surrendering to external circumstances, Frankl advocates for a proactive search for meaning. He argues that responding to suffering is a choice that can lead to personal development.

Freedom of choice under extreme conditions

In Man's Search for Meaning, Viktor E. Frankl asserts that the ultimate human freedom is the ability to choose one's attitude in any situation. Frankl, who survived the Nazi concentration camps, noted that prisoners with a sense of spiritual freedom and mental independence showed resilience in dehumanizing conditions. He describes how, even when deprived of dignity and human rights, individuals could decide their response to their environment. This freedom appeared in subtle acts like maintaining humor or hoping for a reunion with loved ones. Frankl uses personal stories and philosophical insights to argue that this inner freedom is vital for finding meaning, even amid suffering.

Quick facts

• Viktor Frankl wrote Man's Search for Meaning in just nine days, rewriting a manuscript lost during the Holocaust.

• Frankl survived four Nazi concentration camps, including Auschwitz, and used these experiences as a foundation for his psychological theories.

• Man's Search for Meaning has sold over 16 million copies and been translated into over 50 languages.

• The book introduces logotherapy, emphasizing meaning found through work, love, and the courage to face suffering.

• Logotherapy, developed by Frankl, is considered the Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy after Freud's psychoanalysis and Adler's individual psychology.

• Frankl proposes that life's primary motivational force is the search for meaning, contrasting Freud's will to pleasure and Adler's will to power.

• The phrase “He who has a why to live for can bear almost any how” is prominently quoted to convey the importance of purpose.

• Frankl believed humans retain the freedom to choose their attitudes even in dire circumstances, highlighting human inner freedom.

• The manuscript's theoretical section, “Logotherapy in a Nutshell,” was added at the suggestion of psychologist Gordon Allport.

• Frankl's theories discuss the existential vacuum, a widespread feeling of meaninglessness in modern society.

• The book introduces the concept of tragic optimism, encouraging individuals to embrace life despite adversities.

• Frankl believed true happiness arises indirectly, as a by-product of dedicating oneself to a meaningful cause or purpose.

About the author

Viktor Emil Frankl (1905–1997) was an Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist, philosopher, and Holocaust survivor. He contributed significantly to psychology and literature. Born in Vienna to a Jewish family, Frankl developed an early interest in psychology inspired by Sigmund Freud. He later moved away from Freudian psychoanalysis and Alfred Adler's focus on internal neuroses. Instead, he emphasized discovering meaning as a central human motivation. This perspective formed the basis of Logotherapy, which Frankl called the "third school" of Viennese psychotherapy, following Freud and Adler.

World War II tested Frankl's philosophy when he and his family were imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps. He survived Auschwitz and other camps despite enduring suffering and losing his loved ones, including his parents and pregnant wife. Frankl attributed his survival to his belief in finding meaning in suffering, love, and purposeful work. These ideas are central to his book, Man's Search for Meaning.

After the war, Frankl returned to Vienna, wrote 39 books, and taught as a professor of neurology and psychiatry. His concepts influenced various fields beyond psychology, such as philosophy and spirituality, and contributed to the development of positive psychology.