There are few characters as dastardly and sinister as Arthur Conan Doyle’s James Moriarty. When we think of cunning detectives, we think of Sherlock Holmes. And when we think of evil masterminds, it's Moriarty all the way. Professor James Moriarty is the only villain sharp enough to outwit the greatest detective of all time—even Holmes himself refers to Moriarty as "the Napoleon of Crime." But who is Professor James Moriarty? And how did he earn the moniker of Sherlock Holmes's arch nemesis?
Who is Professor James Moriarty?
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle introduced readers to Moriarty in the short story "," which was first published in The Strand Magazine in 1893. In creating the ultimate criminal foil for his master detective, Doyle was inspired by a very real criminal. Adam Worth was a master thief who also lived as a member of high society in London around the time Doyle was writing Sherlock Holmes. In , the fourth and final Sherlock Holmes novel, Holmes compares Moriarty to another real-life criminal, Jonathan Wild.
Moriarty is described as tall, thin, and pale with deep, sunken eyes and a slouchy rounded-out back from leaning over books and papers for study. What he lacks in strength of body, he more than makes up for in strength of mind. Rather than actively committing crimes, Moriarty is the type of character who remains in the shadows, carefully orchestrating master crimes from behind the scenes. In The Valley of Fear, Doyle described Moriarty as "the greatest schemer of all time."
In envisioning Moriarty, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle intended to create a character who was intelligent enough to kill Sherlock Holmes. Moriarty had to be more than just evil—he had to be shrewd, and he had to be mysterious, even to the world's most observant sleuth. As Moriarty's character developed past his initial introduction in "The Final Problem," readers got more details about the villain's motivations and backstory. After that, Holmes and Moriarty's relationship grows even more complicated. Yet Holmes and Moriarty both know they've met their match in each other—and with that comes a mutual respect, despite their opposing desires and beliefs.
According to Doyle's canon, Moriarty was a renowned mathematician before becoming a criminal mastermind. The professor first rose to prominence in his field when he wrote "a treatise upon the Binomial Theorem." While the contents of this treatise are never divulged in Doyle's works, it did land a young Moriarty a role as the Mathematical Chair at a small but famed university in the UK. But the academic world wasn't enough for someone as ambitious as James Moriarty, and his thirst for power led him to criminal pursuits. When rumors started to spread around campus about Moriarty's wrongdoings, he resigned and moved to London.Sherlock Holmes and Moriarty first cross paths when Holmes starts looking into Moriarty's organized crime activities. Holmes was able to expose members of Moriarty's gang in high-ranking positions. After many of Moriarty's diabolical plans are foiled by the great detective, Moriarty targets Holmes, even confronting the investigator directly and threatening to kill him if he does not cease his investigations.Of course, Holmes ignores Moriarty's threats. After turning over information to the police, Sherlock Holmes flees to Switzerland with his partner, Dr. Watson. But Moriarty follows the two men, leading to a fatal confrontation between Moriarty and Holmes at the top of a cliff. This was meant to be the end for Sherlock Holmes, but Sir Arthur Conan Doyle would return to both Holmes and Moriarty in later works. And of course, these characters continue to be revisited in adaptations and reimaginations. No matter what, in every world where there is a Sherlock Holmes, there is a Professor Moriarty.