Invented Cities

All but forgotten today, Five Points was once renowned the world over. Its handful of streets in lower Manhattan featured America's most wretched poverty, shared by Irish, Jewish, German, Italian, Chinese, and African Americans. It was the scene of more riots, scams, saloons, brothels, and drunkenness than any other neighborhood in the new world. The story that Anbinder tells is the classic tale of America's immigrant past, as successive waves of new arrivals fought for survival in a land that was as exciting as it was dangerous, as riotous as it was culturally rich.

In just eighty years, one small city invented democracy, philosophy, theater, and history — then tore itself apart in a catastrophic war. Between 480 and 399 BCE, Athens accomplished something no civilization has matched before or since. A city of perhaps 250,000 people — smaller than modern Boise — produced Pericles, Socrates, Sophocles, Euripides, Herodotus, Thucydides, and Aristophanes. They built the Parthenon. They invented democratic self-governance. They created the philosophical tradition that underpins Western thought. And then they launched a ruinous war that destroyed ...

In the seventh and eighth centuries AD, armies inspired by the new religion of Islam burst out of Arabia to subjugate the Levant, southwest Asia, North Africa and the Iberian peninsula. These Arab conquests followed immediately after the Prophet Mohammed's death in 632. By this time, against all the odds, he had managed to unite the feuding tribes of Arabia at the point of his sword. The Muslim conquests lasted until 750, by which time several generations of marauding Arab armies had carved out an Islamic empire which, in size and population, rivalled that of Rome at its zenith.