Observing Opinions: What Are Language Models?

In this episode, we’re joined by Dr. Johannes Gruber from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam to unpack the world of language models. Johannes explains what language models really are and how they shape how we interact with information — from powering everyday chatbots like ChatGPT to supporting advanced research. We break down how these systems work behind the scenes, what they’re great at, and where we need to be cautious. Johannes also shares insights from his recent research on the feedback loops between language models, citizens’ beliefs, and democracy. It’s a closer look at why understanding both the potential and the limits of language models is so important for opinion research today.