There are about 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synaptic connections between them in the human brain. The activity of those neural networks is controlled by only a handful of major neurotransmitters and all neurons respond to the excitatory transmitter glutamate and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. This poses a major problem for using drugs that block or activate neurotransmitter receptors in understanding the function of specific circuits within and between brain regions and for treating neurological disorders. Ideally, the experimental neuroscientist wants to precisely control the activity of specific circuits of interest and the clinician wants to normalize the activity in dysfunctional circuits without altering the function of other circuits. Dr. Michael Tadross at Duke University has recently developed an ingenious solution to the problem of targeting selected neuron types with drugs – a technology called DART (drugs acutely targeted by tethering). In this episode Mike talks about his career path and how DART can be used to advance an understanding the function of specific neural circuits and may be used to restore brain function in disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

LINKS

Tadross laboratory: https://www.tadrosslab.com/tadross

Deconstructing behavioral neuropharmacology with cellular specificity: https://www-science-org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/doi/epdf/10.1126/science.aaj2161

DART.2: bidirectional synaptic pharmacology with thousandfold cellular specificity.: file:///Users/markmattson/Downloads/s41592-024-02292-9.pdf

Natural phasic inhibition of dopamine neurons signals cognitive rigidity: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11100816/pdf/nihpp-2024.05.09.593320v2.pdf

Distributed throughout the brain are oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) capable of proliferating and differentiating into the oligodendrocytes that wrap around axons (myelination) thereby greatly increasing signal propagation in neural networks. OPCs are essential for axon myelination during brain development, can enhance myelination in response to neural network activity, and can remyelinate axons in response to injury or in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this episode I talk with Johns Hopkins Professor Dwight Bergles about his career and work that is identifying the molecular pathways that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs, their integration into brain circuits and their roles in neuroplasticity in health in disease. During the past quarter century Dwight and his lab members and collaborators made several major discoveries that revealed previously unknown capabilities and functions of OPCs including that they receive synaptic inputs from glutamatergic neurons and respond to neuronal network activity locally and at a distance. And beyond their role in myelination very recent brain-wide cellular and molecular mapping studies suggest an even broader repertoire of OPC functions in the brain throughout life.

LINKS

Bergles Laboratory: https://bergleslab.com/

Oligodendrocyte Development and Plasticity.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4743079/pdf/cshperspect-GLI-a020453.pdf

Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus.

file:///Users/markmattson/Downloads/35012083.pdf

Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3807738/pdf/nihms-463905.pdf

Brain-wide mapping of oligodendrocyte organization, oligodendrogenesis, and myelin injury.

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2826%2900112-1

Myelin is repaired by constitutive differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12997438/pdf/nihms-2139155.pdf

How do neural networks in the cerebral cortex transform incoming sensory information to generate perceptions of the world and elicit behavioral responses? This question is being tackled in the laboratory UC Berkeley Professor Hillel Adesnik whose research program is aimed at understanding exactly how microcircuits in the cerebral cortex process sensory information to generate perceptions and drive behavior. To achieve this goal he deploys cutting-edge optical, genetic, and electrophysiological methods to monitor and manipulate specific subsets of cortical neurons in awake behaving mice. In this episode Hillel talks about the organization of neural circuits in the visual cortex and how cortical microcircuits generate and modify sensory precepts. This research is moving the field closer to understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms by which incoming sensory information is integrated with stored information to produce decisions and actions.

LINKS

Adesnik laboratory at Berkeley

https://adesnik.berkeley.edu/

Lateral competition for cortical space by layer-specific horizontal circuits.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2908490/pdf/nihms214939.pdf

Probing neural codes with two-photon holographic optogenetics.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9793863/pdf/nihms-1753572.pdf

The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774145/pdf/41593_2023_Article_1510.pdf

Recurrent pattern completion drives the neocortical representation of sensory inference

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12586158/pdf/41593_2025_Article_2055.pdf

Feature-tuned synaptic inputs to somatostatin interneurons drive context-dependent processing

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12919646/pdf/nihms-2132228.pdf