PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, VS. BENJAMIN OLIDAN Y ERLANDEZ, CRISPIN ARANETA Y PELAEZ, LYNFER BICODO Y BAYLON, ROGELIO CALORING,** ANNABELLE OLIDAN Y ARANETA, GODOFREDO NAVANES Y LORENZO,*** PO1 JOSE LONMAR ZAPATOS Y FIEL, AND PO1 ANTONI

It is necessary that a conspirator should have performed some overt act as a direct or indirect contribution to the execution of the crime committed. The overt act may consist of active participation in the actual commission of the crime itself, or it may consist of moral assistance to his [co-conspirators] by being present at the commission of the crime or by exerting moral ascendancy over the other [co-conspirators].

Conspiracy may be proven by evidence of a chain of circumstances. It may be inferred from the acts of the accused before, during, and after the commission of the crime which indubitably points to and is indicative of a joint purpose, concert of action, and community of interest.