Conservation and Reforestation in the North Country was of great importance in the beginning of the Twentieth Century, several states had their own programs to bring back forests, and the United States Forest Service was created to replant forests across the country. These programs did some good, early work, but the most important impact was made in the wake of the Great Depression.

When Franklin D. Roosevelt was innaugurated as the 32nd president in 1933 he offered up his "New Deal" to put the country back to work. One of his most successful programs was the establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps. This week I am joined by Phil Naud, a Civilian Conservation Corps historian, who speaks about the creation of the CCC, the work that they performed in Michigan, and about a special population of CCC enrollees, Military Veterans, namely those that were veterans of the Spanish-American War (1898) and the First World War (1917-1918).

In Michigan, the CCC would do great work to stimulate the regrowth of the forests that were largely destroyed during the 19th century lumber boom, and by the wildfires that followed. More than 484 million trees were planted by the CCC in Michigan alone from 1933-1942. More than 102,000 men served in the CCC in Michigan, doing everything from planting trees, fighting fires, building roads, bridges, dams, and airfields, creating or improving parks and campgrounds, and doing stream improvement, among other jobs.

Episode Corrections:

At 7:02 I mention that there are eight national forests in Michigan. This is incorrect. There are four in Michigan, eight in the Great Lakes region (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin). The four in Michigan are: Huron National Forest and the Manistee National Forest in the Lower Peninsula (they are managed jointly as the Huron-Manistee National Forest), and the Hiawatha National Forest and the Ottawa National Forest in the Upper Peninsula. The Marquette National Forest was also established in the Upper Peninsula, bust was later merged into the Hiawatha National Forest.

At 13:19 I respond to Phil's comment about the U.S. Seantor from Michigan who suggested work that could be done. I said Vandenburg (Senator Arthur Vandenburg from Grand Rapids). It was actually Senator James Couzens from Detroit. Couzens had been an executive with the Ford Motor Company and Mayor of Detroit before he was elected to the U.S. Senate.

Additional Reading:

Carr, Ethan, Wilderness by Design: Landscape Architecture & the National Park Service. Lincoln, NE. University of Nebraska Press/Bison Books. 1998. (There is information regarding Recreational Demonstration Areas including Waterloo and Yankee Springs Recreation Areas in Michigan.)

Cohen, Stan. The Tree Army: A Pictorial History of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-42. Missoula, MT. Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. 1980.

Rosentreter, Roger L. Roosevelt's Tree Army, Michigan's Civilian Conservation Corps. Lansing, MI. Michigan Bureau of History. 1986. (It is available online at: https://www.michigan.gov/mhc/museums/hln-ccc/ccc-in-michigan)

Schueller, Mary J. The Soldiers of Poverty. Ritchfield, WI. Rustic Books. 2006. (This is the book I referenced of the enrollee going from southern Illinois to Wisconsin to Isle Royale.)

Symon, Charles A. We Can Do It! A History of the CCC in Michigan 1933-1942. Escanaba, MI. Richard's Printing. 1983.

Additional Online Information:

CCC Legacy: https://ccclegacy.org/

Higgins Lake Nursery and CCC Museum: https://www.michigan.gov/mhc/museums/hln-ccc

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This episodes marks the beginning of Season 2 of the North Country History with Rob Burg podcast. We look at what will be coming up on Season 2 airing from June through August, 2025. But first we recap Season 1 as a refresher and also an introduction for new listeners.

Season 2 will bring new guests to the podcast, take a look at the origins of the lumber industry in the United States in the Northeastern states of Maine, New York, and Pennsylvania, explore some new topics in forest history and to also revisit the lumber industry discussing technological changes, and the labor force of the lumber industry.

Season 2 Schedule:

June 2 S02.E02: Introducing Season 2 & Recapping Season 1.

June 9 S02.E03: The Civilian Conservation Corps Part 1: The New Deal's Outdoors Restoration Program. With guest Phil Naud.

June 16 S02.E03: The Civilian Conservation Corps Part 2: The Life of a CCC Boy. With guest Bill Jamerson.

June 23 S02.E04: Logging in the Northeast, Part 1: Maine-The Birth of an Industry.

June 30 S02.E05: Logging in the Northeast, Part 2: The Adirondacks.

July 7 S02.E06: Logging in the Northeast, Part 3: Penn's Woods.

July 14 S02.E07: Fire Follows the Axe: Lumber, Wildfires, and Climate Change.

July 21 S02.E08: The Passenger Pigeon. With guest Kyle Bagnall.

July 28 S02.E09: Lumber, Lakes & Lighthouses. With guest Bruce Lynn.

August 4 S02.E10: Railroad Logging.

August 11 S02.E.11: Sawmill Technology.

August 18 S02.E12: The Labor of Logging, Part 1: Timber Cruisers, Shanty Boys, and River Hogs.

August 25 S02.E13: The Labor of Logging, Part 2: The Men and Women of the Lumber Towns.

2025 North Country History Podcast Tour: Northern Lower Peninsula & the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Northern Wisconsin, and Northern Minnesota. July 31-August 16, 2025.

• Frederic Michigan: "Deward: The Last of Michigan's Lumber Boomtowns," Frederic Township Library. Time TBA.
• The Pigeon River Country State Forest
• Mackinac State Historic Parks
• Kitch-iti-kipi, the Big Spring
• Peshtigo Fire Musem
• Nicolet National Forest
• Cathedral Pines Natural Area
• Lumberjack Steram Train & Camp Five Museum
• Rhinelander, WI
• St. Croix River National Scenic River and Taylor Falls, Minnesota.
• Snake River Fur Trading Post
• Hinckley Fire Museum
• Forest History Center
• Ely, Minnesota
• Superior National Forest
• Grand Portage National Monument
• Gooseberry Falls State Park
• Ashland and Bayfield Wisconsin
• Chequamegon National Forest
• Ottawa National Forest

How to Connect with North Country History

Email: Rob.NorthCountryHistory@gmail.com

Website: The North Country History with Rob Burg Podcast https://northcountryhistorywithrobburg.buzzsprout.com/

YouTube: North Country History with Rob Burg https://www.youtube.com/@NorthCountryHistory

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https://www.facebook.com/RobBurgEnviroHistorian

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In 1917 with the United States of America's declaration of war against Germany, a call went out for volunteers to serve in the expanding U.S. Armed Forces. Not only were soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines needed, but so were lumberjacks, foresters, sawmill employees, and others who did work related to the lumber and forestry industries. These men were important support troops that were part of the unsung elements of all armies that go to war, the engineers.

As mentioned in episode 14, Major Edward E. Hartwick of Detroit, formerly of Grayling, Michigan, served with these men, as the commanding officer of the 1st Battalion of the 20th Regiment of Engineers (Forestry). Edward Hartwick's biography, written by author Gordon K. Miller in 1921 sheds light on some of the work these men did to aid the war effort in France. Through diary entries and letters to his family, Major Hartwick described the work and living conditions of his soldiers.

Engineers and other support troops, such as commissary, supplies, teamsters, and hospital personnel, among others, have always been important for armies to march and survive. Not everyone who serves, carries a weapon. Listen this week to learn a little bit about some of these soldiers of the First World War.

Episode Sources:

Guthrie, Jno. D., James A. WHite, Henry B. Steer, and Harry T. Whitlock. The Carpathians, Tenth Engineers (Forestry) A.E.F.-1917-1919. Roster and Historical Sketch. Washington, D.C., May 1940.

Miller, Gordon K. A Biographical Sketch of Major Edward E. Hartwick, Together with a Compilation of Major Hartwick's Letters and Diaries written during the Spanish-American and World Wars. Detroit, 1921 (Privately Published). Reprint by Heritage Books, Berwyn Heights, Maryland, 2015.

20th Regiment of Engineers Website. Created by Bruce Porter. 20thengineers.com/ww1.html

World War I: 10th and 20th Forestry Engineers. Webpage of the Forest History Society, Digital Collections. foresthistory.org/digital-collections/world-war-10th-20th-forestry-engineers/

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In this bonus episode of the North Country History podcast we commemorate Memorial Day today with a feature about Edward Hartwick. Most people know of Edward Hartwick as the man who Hartwick Pines State Park is named for, but what do most people know about Edward Hartwick?

Edward Hartwick, a native of Grayling, Michigan was a professional soldier who attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Hartwick graduated from West Point in 1893 and received his commission as a Second Lieutenant. Lt. Hartwick served with the United State Cavalry in the western United States in the 1890s, mostly with the 9th Regiment of Cavalry (Coloured). The regiment, one of the famous "Buffalo Soldiers" regiments consisted of black soldiers, led by mostly white officers. Edward Hartwick would serve with the 9th at Fort Robinson, Nebraska, in Cuba during the Spanish-American War in 1898, then at Fort Huachuca, Arizona until he resigned his commission and left the Army in 1899.

Edward Hartwick married his childhood sweetheart, Karen "Bessie" Michelson, whose father, Nels Michelson, was an influential lumberman in Michigan. Nels Michelson helped to set up his son-in-law in the lumber business, parterning with Edward Hartwick in a small retail lumber business in Mason, Michigan, before Edward went out on his own beginning lumber businesses first in the larger city of Jackson, Michigan, then in 1909, relocating to Detroit, and starting up the Hartwick Lumber Company. THis business would grow to five locations in the city by 1917 when Edward Hartwick would re-enter the Army.

The United States declared war on Germany in 1917, finally entering the Great War (as it was known until World War II) on the side of the Allies (Great Britain, France, and Russia). Edward Hartwick immediately tried to volunteer for service in the expanding Army but was initially refused. At the time of the declaration of war, Edward Hartwick was turning 46 and was deemed too old to go to war. The Army did have a need for experienced lumbermen and created the 10th Regiment of Engineers (Forestry) to provide needed lumber for fortifications, hospitals, barracks, and other military needs. It was soon evident that more forestry engineers were needed and in September 1917, the 20th Regiment of Engineers (Forestry) was established. It was then that Edward Hartwick was commissioned into the Reserve Officers Corps at the rank of Major, and appointed to the command of the 1st Battalion of the 20th Regiment of Engineers.

Major Edward Hartwick immediately threw himself into the training and leadership of his men at Camp American University in Washington, D.C. and on November 11, 1917 the first two battalions of the 20th Regt. embarked from New York City for France. The 20th arrived in France on November 26, 1917 and soon was sent to southern France where they began their forestry work. Major Hartwick commanded his battalion in Dax, France. In March of 1918, Major Hartwick contracted Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis and died on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1918. He was initially buried at the American Military Cemetery in Bordeaux, France. His remains were exhumed in 1920 and returned to Detroit where they were reinturned at Woodlawn Cemetery. Major Hartwick was one of the many war dead who died not from wounds from battle, but from disease. This was the las tmajor war where more soldiers died from disease than being killed in action.

A second part will discuss the work of the 20th Regiment of Engineers (Forestry).

Episode Sources:

Miller, Godon K. A Biographical Sketch of Major Erdward E. Hartwick, together with a Compilation of Major Hartwick's Letters and Diaries Written During the Spanish-American and World Wars. Detroit, Michigan, 1921 (Privately published). Reprint by Heritage Books, Berwyn Heights, M

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In the early Spring of 1854, 31 year-old David Ward, not yet known as "the Pine King" sought one of the state's greatest stands of "cork pine" (the highest grade of the Eastern White Pine) west of Otsego and Bradford lakes in Otsego County. This would be a race with the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal Company's timber cruiser, Addison Brewer for the same stand of pine.

With the backing of Detroit lumbermen and bankers Dwight, Smith, and Co. and William A. Howard, David Ward and his assistant, John Baily, and their packers would experience the extreme changes in Michigan's late winter and early spring weather from three and a half feet of snow, frozen rivers, and -30 degree Fahrenheit temperatures to south winds and fast warm-ups that melted most of the snow in a single day.

The competition with the "Soo Canal Company" men continued south to Detroit then northwest to the United States Land Office in Ionia, west of Lansing.

The outcome of this is that David Ward would purchase 16,000 acres of prime "cork pine" at a cost of $20,000. At the time of the purchase, this great pinery was located far from the lumber markets with no easy way to move the lumber and it was considered to be "Ward's folly." By the end of the Nineteenth century, a major north-south rail line would run through the heart of Ward's holdings, and much of the timber would already be harvested, though a little of this holding would be part of the Deward Estate that would be logged the following decade during the existence of Deward.

In this special bonus episode, I read David Ward's own account of this event from The Autobiography of David Ward, published in 1912, after his death.

Episode Resources

Ward, David. "The Autobiography of David Ward." New York, 1912 (Privately Printed).

This book might be found in some libraries. The Devereaux Library in Grayling, Michigan, part of the Crawford County Library System, has a non-circulating copy that is available for patrons to study. Reprints may be available as well, as the book has gone out of copyright and is now in the public domain.

Inflation Calculator, www.in2013dollars.com.

"$20,000 in 1854 is equivalent in purchasing power to about $756,359.52 today, an increase of $736,359.52 over 171 years. The dollar had an average inflation rate of 2.15% per year between 1854 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 3,681.80%"

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In this final episode of the first season of the podcast, I am recording this remotely from the old lumber ghost town of Deward, Michigan. Deward lived as an actual town for just twelve years, 1900-1912, while the David Ward Estate logged off the last great pine lumber holdings of David Ward, Michigan's "Pine King" at the tail end of the white pine lumber boom.

Deward was located on the banks of the Manistee River near where Antrim, Crawford, Kalkaska, and Otsego counties meet. This was in the center of Ward's last great holdings of white pine lumber. David Ward was one of the great figures of Michigan's 19th century lumber industry. Born in 1822 in Keene, New York in the Adirondack Mountains, David Ward first came with his father to Michigan, to assist him in timber cruising for Eastern clients in the newly opened Michigan Territory. His family soon followed his father and David to Michigan, settling in Newport in St. Clair County (today's Marine City). David Ward followed in his father's trade as a surveyor and timber cruiser, however he tried other employment before settling completely into the lumber industry. He worked as a school teacher, a commercial fisherman, and even studied medicine at the University of Michigan, but it was in the lumber industry that he would make his fortune.

As a timber cruiser, David Ward was hired by others to seek out and purchase prime timberlands. Part of his payment was the right to reserve some of these purchases for himself. Ward was able to string together landholdings all over Michigan, primarily in the Saginaw River Valley and in the region of the headwaters of the AuSable and Manistee rivers.

David Ward died in 1900 at the age of 78. His will stipulated that his heirs had to liquidate his timber holdings within twelve years. A sawmill was located on the Manistee River with a rail connection to Ward's own railroad, the Detroit and Charlevoix Railroad. The mill was completed in late 1900, though logging operations had already begun in the area, with logs initially shipped by rail to other mills. The mill cut its last logs in the Spring of 1912 and the town quickly shutdown.

Michigan's last great stand of Eastern White Pine had been cut.

EPISODE RESOURCES

Leech, Carl Addison. Deward: A Lumberman’s Ghost Town. Michigan History Magazine. Lansing, Michigan. Vol. 28, No. 1, January-March, 1944.

Maybee, Rolland H. Michigan’s White Pine Era 1840-1900. Lansing, Michigan. Michigan Bureau of History. 1988.

Ward, David. The Autobiography of David Ward. New York. Privately Printed. 1912.

Mabel Edwards Secord Papers. Michigan Historical Collections, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Ward Family Papers, 1872-1964. Michigan Historical Collections, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

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In this week's episode we travel to Hartwick Pines State Park where I visit with my old friend and former coworker Craig Kasmer, the park's interpreter/naturalist to learn about the wildlife that live in the northern forests.

The Old Growth Forest at Hartwick Pines State Park is a unique area. The large white pines that survived the lumber era is the main attraction, but they are not the only special part of this forest. The decaying logs and snags (dead standing trees) provide habitat for many species of wildlife. The wildlife in this forest and in other northern forests can vary greatly and are affected by outside forces from climate change to logging, fire, and construction. Craig talks about how the wildlife has been affected by all of these changes.

Learn more about Hartwick Pines State Park and its programs:

https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/places/v-centers/hartwick

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In this week's episode, we depart a little bit from what we've been talking about and get a little philosophical regarding forests and the wilderness. I want to introduce listeners today to Sigurd F. Olson (1899-1982), one of my personal heroes. Sigurd Olson was an educator, canoe guide, outfitter, writer, and a leading voice in the preservation of wilderness.

Sigurd Olson, the son of Swedish immigrants, his father being a Swedish Baptist minister, was born in Chicago and grew up in small towns in northern Wisconsin. After being educated at Northland College (Ashland, Wisconsin), and the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Sig and his wife, Elizabeth, found their way to Ely, Minnesota where he was hired as a high school science teacher. To help make ends meet, as his family grew with the addition of two sons, Sigurd T., and Robert, Sig began working summers as a canoe guide in the Quetico-Superior border lakes, now known as the Boundary Waters Canoe Wilderness Area. In 1929, Sigurd and two partners purchased a canoe outfitters in nearby Winton, Minnesota. His high school teaching position would lead him to be on the faculty of Ely Junior College, and eventually as the college's dean. During this period, Sigurd Olson also began writing, first for outdoor magazines and periodicals, with his subjects ranging from canoeing, fishing, camping, and other recreational pursuits, to his greatest topic, the importance of wilderness on our well being.

This latter subject matter would become his life pursuit. Making Ely his homebase for the remainder of his life, Sig became one of the great voices in the movement to protect wilderness areas. He was not as well known as his contemporary Aldo Leopold; Sig's voice was able to reach both the great leaders and also the everyday outdoorsman. He found his greatest audiences through nine books that he wrote beginning with The Singing Wilderness in 1956. His last book, Of Time and Place, was published posthumously in 1982. Sigurd Olson also served as president of the National Parks Association and The Wilderness Society. In the 1960s he was a part of a special advisory committee to Stewart Udall, the Secretary of the Interior for presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Sigurd Olson's accolades include being the namesake of the Sigurd Olson Environmental Institute at Northland College, and the recipient of the John Burroughs Medal in 1974 for being recognized as the year's best nature writer.

Sigurd F. Olson died on January 13, 1982 from a heart attack while snowshoeing at his cabin, Listening Point.

Today, Olson's cabin, Listening Point, the subject of his 1958 book of the same name, is owned by The Listening Point Foundation. Their office is in the former Sigurd and Elizabeth Olson residence in Ely. The residence also includes Olson's writing shack. The last sentence that he typed remains in his typewriter: A New Adventure is coming up/ and I'm sure it will be/ A good one.

All three sites are open for visitors, in season.

Sigurd Olson's books and books about him:

• The Singing Wilderness (1956)
• Listening Point (1958)
• The Lonely Land (1961)
• Runes of the North (1963)
• Open Horizons (1969)
• The Hidden Forest (1969)
• Wilderness Days (1972)
• Reflections From the North Country (1976)
• Of Time and Place (1982)
• Songs of the North. Howard Frank Mosher, ed. (1987)
• The Collected Works of Sigurd F. Olson: The Early Writings, 1921–1934. Mike Link, ed. (1988)
• The Collected Works of Sigurd F. Olson: The College Years, 1935–1944. Mike Link, ed. (1990)
• The Meaning

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