Pancreatic surgeries are indicated in the management of malignant/symptomatic benign tumors pancreas. The choice of surgery depends on the location, size, and extent of the malignancy/injury. Depending on the extent of resection, pancreatic surgeries for malignancy include enucleation (for islet cell tumors), partial pancreatic resections (distal pancreatectomy, central pancreatectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy/Whipple procedure), and total pancreatectomy. Chronic pancreatitis patients with a dilated main pancreatic duct (> 5 mm), not responding to conservative therapy, are candidates for lateral pancreaticojejunostomy with/without resection of the pancreatic head. Complications of pancreatic surgeries include anastomotic leaks, pancreatic ascites/fistula, and exocrine/endocrine insufficiency.

Hepatic surgeries are indicated in the management of malignant/symptomatic benign tumors and traumatic lacerations of the liver .The choice of surgery depends on the location, size, and extent of the malignancy/injury. Depending on which segments of the liver are removed, hepatic resections include right/left hepatectomy, right/left lobectomy, and segmentectomy. Wedge resections of the liver are performed for small, peripherally located lesions. Complications of hepatic resections include liver failure, hemorrhage, hemobilia, and bile leaks.

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is caused by increased pressure in the abdominal cavity (i.e., intraabdominal hypertension) and is most commonly seen in critically ill or injured patients. ACS can be caused by reduced abdominal wall compliance, visceral edema, increased luminal contents, or increased abdominal contents and manifests with organ dysfunction, including acute kidney failure, respiratory failure, and shock. Diagnosis is made with urinary bladder pressure measurement, which provides an indirect measure of intraabdominal pressure. Initial conservative measures are aimed at improving abdominal wall compliance, reducing abdominal cavity volume, and optimizing fluid balance and organ perfusion. If these measures fail to lower intraabdominal pressure, urgent decompressive laparotomy is required, typically followed by temporary abdominal closure.