In this episode, we discuss population genetics and see how genetically related individuals share the same alleles, delving into the mechanisms of gene flow and genetic drift. We'll also unravel the complexities of hybrid vigor, reproductive isolation, and natural selection, and how these processes shape the genetic landscape of populations.

We'll also touch on the fascinating dynamics of X-linked and mitochondrial inheritance, and the role of genomic imprinting in disease risk. Ever wondered how the Hardy-Weinberg equation helps us understand genetic equilibrium in populations? We've got that covered too, breaking down the assumptions and applications of this essential model. Plus, we'll delve into how allele frequencies can shift due to factors like mutations and population bottlenecks.

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[00:00] Introduction to the MCAT Basics

[01:06] Overview of Population Genetics

[01:55] Definition of Population Genetics

[03:01] Genotype vs. Phenotype

[03:38] Example of BRCA1 Gene

[07:33] Autosomal Dominant and Recessive Inheritance Patterns

[08:40] X-Linked Inheritance Patterns

[09:38] Mitochondrial Inheritance

[10:46] Genomic Imprinting

[12:46] Complex and Multifactorial Inheritance

[13:52] Introduction to Hardy Weinberg Equation

[14:33] Assumptions of Hardy Weinberg Equation

[15:16] Historical Context of Hardy Weinberg Equation

[17:02] Calculation of Allele Frequencies

[19:18] Example Problem Using Hardy Weinberg Equation

[23:17] Limitations of Hardy Weinberg Equation

[24:07] Ways Populations Change Over Time

[24:58] Natural Selection

[27:10] Fecundity and Fertility in Natural Selection

[28:07] Types of Natural Selection

[30:00] Mutation

[32:17] Example of Mutation in HIV Research

[34:29] Genetic Drift

[38:11] Gene Flow and Gene Leakage

[40:12] Hybrid Vigor and Reproductive Isolation

[42:16] Prepare for MCAT success with MedSchoolCoach.

In this episode, we'll explore three crucial hormone axes: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system. We'll decode the complex interplays among the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and various peripheral organs, focusing on how these hormone systems regulate everything from stress responses and reproductive functions to blood pressure and fluid balance.

We'll break down the HPA axis and its pivotal role in stress response, featuring hormones like corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and cortisol. Next, we’ll navigate through the HPG axis to understand the hormonal orchestration behind testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone production. Lastly, we’ll zero in on the RAAS system, demystifying its essential function in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte balance.

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Jump into the conversation:

[00:00] Introduction to the MCAT Basics Podcast with host, Sam Smith

[03:11] Hypothalamus: brain section, regulates hormones, monkey bread.

[08:57] Hypothalamus releases hormones to stimulate pituitary gland.

[12:12] Cortisol is a crucial stress response hormone.

[13:12] Steroid hormones need carrier proteins for transport.

[17:05] Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis involves important structures.

[21:01] Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin hormone for sex development.

[27:14] Sex hormones regulate important body functions through feedback.

[28:31] Juxtaglomerial cells respond to changes in blood pressure.

[33:20] Angiotensin III and IV stimulate aldosterone release.

[35:36] Renin angiotensin system increases sodium, blood pressure.

In this episode, we're covering the anatomy and physiology of key organs such as the kidneys, liver, skin, lungs, and large intestine, and discuss the crucial role they play in eliminating waste products from our bodies.

From the structure of the hepatic lobules in the liver to the sweat glands in our skin and the alveoli in our lungs, we'll cover how each component functions to maintain homeostasis. We'll also delve into the metabolic breakdown processes and the excretion of waste molecules such as urea, electrolytes, and gases like carbon dioxide.

Visit MedSchoolCoach.com for more help with the MCAT.

Jump into the conversation:

[00:00] Introduction to the MCAT Basics Podcast with host, Sam Smith

[04:50] Kidney, adrenal glands, nephrons filter blood. Bladder stores waste connected to kidneys.

[09:57] Liver has lobes and functional hepatic lobules. Skin excretes through sweating.

[12:20] Lung anatomy: trachea, bronchi, alveoli, gas exchange.

[16:54] Urea cycle energy requirement, deamination of amino acids.

[20:35] Urea density calculates volume of small ice cube.

[24:15] Carbon dioxide is a metabolic byproduct.

[27:46] Liver metabolizes drugs into water-soluble compounds.