How did Brexit uncertainty impact services exports of UK firms?

Uncertainty from Brexit has affected the UK's services exports, revealing a decline of 9.2% annually, resulting in a total loss of about $146.8 billion from 2016 to 2019. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were particularly impacted, while larger multinational companies often relocated operations to mitigate risks. There is a need for clear regulations and support to help businesses navigate the challenges posed by this uncertainty.

Citation: Du, J., Shepotylo, O. & Yuan, X. (2025). How did the Brexit uncertainty impact services exports of UK firms?. Journal of International Business Policy 8, 80–104. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-024-00202-6