Episode 154 of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro kicks off a 7-part series on modern resource estimation.

In this episode, we cover the fundamentals of ordinary kriging, its strengths and limitations, and introduce key concepts like grade smoothing, SMU, and recoverable resources.

Featuring Ian Glacken and Susan Havlin.

Discover the fascinating origins of Australia's nickel industry in this episode of Fresh Thinking by ‪@SnowdenOptiro‬.

Principal Consultant, Jan Graham, sits down with Executive Consultant, Ian Glacken, to explore the pivotal moment that sparked it all—the discovery of nickel at Kambalda in 1966. From early prospecting and geological insight to rapid development and industry-wide impact, this story highlights the role of luck, lateral thinking, and persistence in shaping one of Australia's most significant mining sectors.

Learn how a single drill hole, KD1, transformed Western Mining Corporation and led to decades of nickel production across Australia.

If you enjoy mining history, geology, and industry insights, don't forget to like, subscribe, and follow Fresh Thinking by ‪@SnowdenOptiro‬ .

What does it really mean to sign off on a mineral reserve?

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Tarrant Elkington (General Manager, Snowden Optiro) is joined by Allan Earl (Executive Consultant Mining) to discuss the real responsibility behind reserve sign-off and what it takes to stand behind it with confidence.

From understanding the full value chain to applying critical review across technical inputs, this conversation explores where things can go wrong, and how to avoid it.

If you're working towards becoming a Competent Person, or already signing off on reserves, this is well worth a listen.

Key moments:
01:14 – What "signing off" actually means
02:23 – Who should be the Competent Person
03:47 – What you're truly responsible for
05:30 – What a "critical review" really involves
08:45 – Where people get it wrong
11:07 – Should you be signing off?
15:36 – Final takeaway: ownership and accountability

If you would like to contact Tarrant and Allan: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

🎧 Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available as an audio podcast on all major podcast platforms, and in video format on Snowden Optiro's YouTube channel.

Snowden Optiro:
Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Jamie Oppelaar (Senior Consultant) and Tarrant Elkington (General Manager) discuss a growing challenge in mining: resource models are getting bigger and bigger.

More blocks, more attributes, more simulations. While this can improve geological representation, it can also slow down optimisation, scheduling and everyday planning decisions. So how do we strike the right balance between detail and usability?

Jamie and Tarrant explore why models are expanding, the practical consequences for engineers, and how geologists and planners can work together to build fit-for-purpose models that support better decisions without unnecessary complexity.

Key moments in this episode
00:00 Introduction: Why resource models keep getting larger
03:40 The three main drivers of model size
07:10 How large models slow optimisation and planning workflows
09:30 When higher resolution models are actually justified
14:20 Practical ways to reduce model size without losing value
20:00 Strategies engineers use to simplify models for optimisation
24:55 The key takeaway: the best model is not the biggest model

If you work with block models, resource estimation, or mine planning, this conversation highlights practical ways to improve workflow efficiency while maintaining the geological detail that matters.

If you would like to contact Tarrant and Jamie: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

🎧 Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available as an audio podcast on all major podcast platforms, and in video format on Snowden Optiro's YouTube channel.

Snowden Optiro:
Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, our General Manager Dr Tarrant Elkington speaks with Senior Consultant Dr Gregory (Greg) Zhang about a common question in the mining industry: what is the real industry standard in mineral resource estimation?

Drawing on experience reviewing projects across a range of commodities and deposit types, Greg discusses current practices in data management, QAQC, geological domaining, estimation methods such as kriging, and resource reporting.

The conversation also explores how practices are evolving and the emerging role of simulation methods and machine learning in resource estimation.

Key topics:
00:01 – Introduction and the motivation behind the study
03:30 – Data quality and common database issues
07:20 – QAQC and confidence in data
10:30 – Geological domaining and understanding deposits
16:20 – Estimation methods and industry trends
20:10 – Resource reporting and common pitfalls
25:00 – Future trends in resource estimation

If you would like to contact Tarrant and Greg: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

🎧 Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available as an audio podcast on all major podcast platforms, and in video format on Snowden Optiro's YouTube channel.

Snowden Optiro:
Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Susan Havlin (Managing Consultant APAC) speaks with Dr Gregory Zhang (Senior Consultant APAC) about using Excel as a transparent learning environment for geostatistics.

Rather than relying on black-box software, they explore how building the logic step by step in a spreadsheet can strengthen intuition, improve data discipline and deepen technical confidence.

Whether you are a geologist, resource modeller or mining professional wanting to better understand what sits behind the software, this episode breaks down the thinking that underpins robust estimation.

🔎 In this episode:
00:01 – Why the Excel World Championship is more relevant to geologists than you might think 02:02 – Why Excel is a powerful tool for learning geostatistics
06:27 – Building variograms from scratch: pairs, distances and continuity
09:24 – Understanding kriging as a system of equations
12:03 – Simple validation routines to keep yourself honest
13:02 – Can Excel help you understand machine learning?

If you want to move beyond "clicking the kriging button" and truly understand the mechanics behind resource estimation, this conversation is for you.

If you would like to contact Susan and Greg: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

🎧 Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is available as an audio podcast on all major podcast platforms, and in video format on Snowden Optiro's YouTube channel.

If you need further assistance in using Excel, we have 2 courses that might interest you:
1-day Essential Excel Skills for Geologists and our 1-day Advanced Excel Skills for Kriging & Simulation. Both courses are presented by Dr Gregory Zhang.
Link to training courses: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro:
Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Ian Glacken (Executive Consultant) and Dr Gregory Zhang (Senior Consultant) discuss one of the most important topics in modern resource modelling: uncertainty.

From the long-standing debate of simulation vs estimation, to the growing focus on geological uncertainty and hierarchical truncated plurigaussian simulation, this episode explores where the mining industry stands — and where it still needs to improve.

⏱ Key Topics
00:00 – Introduction: Simulation in mining and why uncertainty matters
01:18 – Simulation vs estimation: what's the real difference?
02:16 – The "space of uncertainty": grade, geology, parameters and planning
03:34 – Are we misleading stakeholders by ignoring uncertainty?
05:34 – Has grade uncertainty been solved? Two-point vs multipoint simulation
06:39 – Data uncertainty: blast holes, nugget effect and sampling quality
07:30 – Parameter uncertainty and spatial bootstrapping
09:43 – Geological uncertainty: why it's fundamentally different
10:44 – Plurigaussian and hierarchical truncated plurigaussian simulation (HTPGS)
12:51 – Industry adoption and emerging trends
13:08 – The "holy grail" of a comprehensive uncertainty model
14:47 – Digital twins and the future of integrated uncertainty modelling

👍If you enjoyed this discussion, please Subscribe to Fresh Thinking wherever you listen to podcasts, for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Ian Glacken and Dr Gregory Zhang: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms. It is also available in video format on Snowden Optiro's YouTube channel: https://youtu.be/-DnskmSDnn4

Snowden Optiro:
Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

#Mining #ResourceModelling #Geostatistics #Simulation #Geology #MiningEngineering

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Hamish Guthrie (Managing Consultant – Mining) joins Dr Gregory Zhang (Senior Consultant – Geology) to explore the fundamentals of cost estimation across the mining study pipeline.

Hamish shares practical insights from his more than 30 years in the industry, including the importance of understanding project scale and matching the level of effort to the study stage.

If you're involved in study work, project evaluation, cost modelling or operational planning, this conversation will give you clear, practical guidance you can apply straight away.

Key Timestamps
00:31 – What Is Cost Estimation?
00:56 – Cost Estimation Across Study Levels
01:10 – Data Sources for Cost Estimation
01:58 – Scoping Study Accuracy
02:32 – Pre-feasibility Study Accuracy
03:19 – Feasibility Study Expectations
04:23 – Basis of Estimate (BOE)
05:16 – Common Pitfalls
06:38 – Key Takeaway

If you would like to contact Hamish and Greg: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

🎧 Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally – you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting, and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors, and investors. We help mine developers advance their projects, mining companies improve their operations, and investors de-risk their investments by providing quality advice, training, and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

🌐 Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/