In this episode, we'll explore the fascinating history of perfume, tracing its journey from Ancient Mesopotamia to its artistic development in France.

We'll learn how scents have evolved from practical uses to luxury items, and discover the intriguing world of “grands nez,” the master perfumers who dedicate their lives to crafting these aromatic masterpieces.

• Perfume origins: from Mesopotamia to Middle Eastern innovation
• Ancient perfume use: religious rituals and practical odour cover
• Egypt: Perfume as a status symbol in hot climates
• Cleopatra and the power of scent
• Roman perfume indulgence and imported fragrances
• French perfume evolution: From leather gloves to luxury
• Grasse: The perfume capital of the world
• Why perfume is expensive: ingredients and branding
• Becoming a "grand nez": the perfumer's journey
• Perfume's artistic and historical significance across cultures

---

You might like:

🔓 Unlock bonus episodes, interactive transcripts, subtitles & vocabulary lists

✨ 5 Powerful Tips for Learning English with Podcasts (Faster & Effectively!) [YouTube]

📹 A look inside Leonardo English membership

📧 Join our FREE weekly newsletter

---

Keywords: Learn English, vocabulary, lessons, idioms, aprende inglés, idiomas, aprender inglês, apprendre l'anglais, imparare l’inglese, ingilizce öğren,英語を習う, تعلم الإنجليزية

In this episode, we'll explore the life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey.

Discover how he turned a fragmented resistance into a national movement, established a secular republic from imperial ruins, and why he’s still called "The Father of the Turks."

• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's famous 36-hour speech, Nutuk
• Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
• Reasons for the Ottoman Empire's decline
• The Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I
• Mustafa Kemal's rise as a military leader
• Turkish War of Independence overview
• Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
• Atatürk's radical reforms and modernisation
• Introduction of secularism and language reform
• Legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

---

You might like:

🔓 Unlock bonus episodes, interactive transcripts, subtitles & vocabulary lists

✨ 5 Powerful Tips for Learning English with Podcasts (Faster & Effectively!) [YouTube]

📹 A look inside Leonardo English membership

📧 Join our FREE weekly newsletter

---

Keywords: Learn English, vocabulary, lessons, idioms, aprende inglés, idiomas, aprender inglês, apprendre l'anglais, imparare l’inglese, ingilizce öğren,英語を習う, تعلم الإنجليزية

In this episode of Thinking in English, host Tom Wilkinson explores the past perfect continuous tense, using the 2008 financial crisis as a case study.

The episode covers the grammar rules and structures of the past perfect continuous tense, emphasising its usage to describe actions that started in the past, continued for some time, and were ongoing or just finished before another event.

The lesson includes in-depth examples and concludes with a discussion on Michael Burry, who had been predicting the financial collapse for years.

Links

Website - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/

Study Pack - https://www.patreon.com/thinkinginenglish/shop/study-packs-past-present-and-future-807289

TiE Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/c/thinkinginenglish

Find Out More - https://linktr.ee/thinkinginenglishpod

00:00 Introduction

01:39 Grammar Lesson

04:42 Financial Crisis and Past Perfect Continuous

10:56 Final Thought