3: "The Second Opium War and Its Legacy: Remaking the Global Order"

Summary: The final article examines how unresolved tensions from the First Opium War led to renewed conflict, this time involving multiple Western powers. It analyzes the Arrow Incident, the war's military campaigns, and the increasingly harsh treaties that followed. The article concludes by exploring the long-term consequences of both wars, including their profound impact on Chinese society, governance, and national identity, as well as their influence on modern international relations.