Among the many casualties of the battle of Garigliano was Piero de Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Piero, previously exiled from Florence for his poor leadership during the invasion of Charles VIII in 1494, drowned while trying to escape the battle. His body was found and buried at Montecassino Abbey, under the protection of his brother, Cardinal Giovanni de Medici.

Florence in Transition

After the fall of Girolamo Savonarola, Florence entered a period of unstable governance:

• 
  
• Two major factions emerged: the Ottimati (traditional elite) and the Popolari (new rich).
• 
  
• 
  
• Despite nominal control by the Popolari, the Ottimati successfully blocked key reforms, such as the introduction of a property tax.
• 
  
• 
  
• Financially weakened by war, Florence made a bold move in 1502 by electing Piero Soderini as Gonfaloniere for life.
• 
  
• 
  
• Soderini, though from an elite family, implemented popular reforms, including capping wedding dowries and improving access to credit.
• 
  

Rise of Cardinal Giovanni

The Medici fortunes began to shift with Cardinal Giovanni de Medici:

• 
  
• Tonsured at the age of 8, and made a cardinal at 13 through the diplomatic work of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
• 
  
• 
  
• Giovanni loved classical literature, music, and was known for his love of food.
• 
  
• 
  
• After a brief exile, he returned to Rome, took residence at Palazzo Madama, and regained political influence under Pope Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere).
• 
  

The Return to Florence

Following the War of the League of Cambrai, opportunity struck:

• 
  
• In 1512, Giovanni leveraged papal and Spanish military support to pressure Florence.
• 
  
• 
  
• After the brutal Sack of Prato, panic erupted in Florence, and cries of "The Balls!" (a reference to the Medici emblem) filled the air.
• 
  
• 
  
• On September 1st, 1512, after 18 years of exile, the Medici triumphantly returned.
• 
  

Key figures included:

• 
  
• Cardinal Giovanni (future Pope Leo X)
• 
  
• 
  
• Giuliano de Medici
• 
  
• 
  
• Giulio de Medici (future Pope Clement VII)
• 
  
• 
  
• Lorenzo de Medici (grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent)
• 
  

Pope Leo X

In 1513, Cardinal Giovanni became Pope Leo X at the age of 37:

• 
  
• Florentines celebrated wildly, with fireworks, bonfires, and public feasting.
• 
  
• 
  
• Lorenzo was positioned to govern Florence under Medici influence, assisted by Cardinal Giulio.
• 
  
• 
  
• Giuliano de...