12. Analytic Theology and Logical Evaluation

Download: Restoration Theology Student Notes

Introduction to Analytic Theology

• Analytic theology: Newer field (since ~2009); applies rigorous logic, philosophy, and clear reasoning to theological questions.

• Goal: Clarify doctrines, avoid fallacies, test arguments precisely.

• Complements other theologies: Biblical (content), systematic (synthesis), historical (precedents), comparative (alternatives).

• Key tool: Logic – careful reasoning that avoids errors and draws valid conclusions in pursuit of truth.

What Is Logic?

• Informal logic: Everyday reasoning (e.g., “If I eat too much, I feel bloated”).

• Formal logic: Symbolic, rigorous analysis using syllogisms.

• valid vs. invalid arguments

Major Types of Fallacies (5 Categories)

1. Fallacies of Relevance: Premises irrelevant to conclusion

• 1. Ad hominem (attack person, not argument)

  2. Appeal to authority/emotion/popularity

  3. Red herring, straw man, genetic fallacy

1. Fallacies of Presumption: Assume what needs proving

   1. Begging the question

   2. False dilemma

   3. Suppressed evidence

   4. False cause (post hoc, correlation ≠ causation)

2. Fallacies of Ambiguity: Unclear language

   1. Equivocation (word used two ways)

   2. Amphiboly, composition, division

3. Fallacies of Weak Induction: Insufficient evidence

   1. Hasty generalization

   2. Slippery slope

   3. Weak analogy

   4. Appeal to ignorance

4. Formal Fallacies: Errors in logical structure

   1. Affirming the consequent (If A→B, B true → A true)

   2. Denying the antecedent (If A→B, A false → B false)

7-Step Method for Analytic Evaluation of a Doctrine

1. Clearly identify the doctrine

2. Express the doctrine’s logical structure (premises → conclusion).

3. Identify assumptions and define key terms

4. List main reasons supporting the doctrine

5. Identify difficult texts / counter-evidence

6. Identify logical defeaters (objections) and offer explanations/counter-arguments

7. Revise doctrine in light of objections; invite feedback

Benefits of Analytic Approach

• Makes arguments precise and transparent.

• Reveals hidden assumptions and weak links.

• Hardens position against criticism or shows where revision needed.

• Encourages humility: Logic shows where we might be wrong.

Conclusion

• Analytic theology uses logic to evaluate doctrines rigorously.

• Strengthens restorationist method by testing coherence and validity.

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