The Underworld in Ancient Mesoamerica

The History and Legacy of Mesoamerican Concepts of Death

De: Charles River Editors

Narrado por: Colin Fluxman

The concept of death can be viewed from different perspectives. In general terms, it can be defined as the end of life, but a more spiritual interpretation would describe it as the separation of the soul from the body. Regardless of the definition, death implies change and transformation, even if only on a physical level. The idea of transcendence has served as a source of comfort for humanity that is usually represented in the belief of an afterlife which takes place in another realm.

Since the beginning of history, understanding and explaining it has been a large concern for people all over the world. Death is both a daily occurrence and an irreversible condition, and countless efforts have been made to avoid or postpone it. The constant struggle to transcend its permanence has led cultures to create the idea of an afterlife; of a place or world where life carries on after its end on earth. In ancient Mesoamerica, this concept of an afterlife greatly permeated the worldview of the many pre-Hispanic cultures that developed all throughout the region.

Among Mesoamericans, life and death were closely related and often deeply integrated, and the two conditions were perceived to exist in an opposition that was at once dynamic and complementary. Described later by the Aztecs as the state of nepantla, life and death were viewed by the indigenous people of Mesoamerica as yet another example of the “back and forth” fluctuations common to human life.

Sometimes simplistically described as a borderland or liminal place, nepantla is a far more nuanced term and concept. For Mesoamericans there were no “disasters”; life only happened, and the way of that happening was by this back-and-forth, give-and-take model. Since death, killing, and sacrifice were necessary for life and required for nourishment, their necessity was understood and accepted.

The introduction of ancestor worship and rebirth into the equation further clouds modern potential for understanding Mesoamerican conceptions of death. In Mayan communities, deceased ancestors were not buried apart from their families; rather, they were often buried beneath the floor of the family home. In that way, ancestors were included in daily life and were kept apprised of family milestones. Also, ancestors could influence their living descendants or act as intermediaries between the living and the gods. Unhappy or dishonored ancestors could even inflict diseases from the underworld, seen as the source for illness.

Thus, major festivals honored the deceased, and the living sought to commune with them by presenting offerings of food and flowers. This reverence, and attempts to appease departed loved ones, is another example of a ritual which survived the conquest and became an accepted, albeit folk-Catholic, tradition. Originally conducted during late summer (August), post-conquest iterations of the celebrations gradually migrated through the calendar until they coincided with the Catholic celebrations of All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day. Commonly known as the Day of the Dead, this Mesoamerican ancestor-honoring ritual still occurs throughout Latin America, the American Southwest, and anywhere that Latinos with ancestral ties to Mesoamerica live. The physical genuineness of the gifts presented at Day of the Dead shrines, food, drinks, and flowers, mimics the both the content and the idea behind the funeral goods often found in internments of Maya elites.

Furthermore, the underworld in Maya religion is also associated with foul smells, and often these levels were steaming hot scenes of decay and decomposition where the gods of death lived.

©2022 Charles River Editors (P)2022 Charles River Editors

Prehispanic Indian peoples beliefs about death, gods and the afterlife defined.

This really emphasizes the underworld, the afterlife and the cyclical nature of life. The concept of life coming from death was quite interesting to me. That a soul has to travel for many years through the underworld after death to be purified and that some day the dead will be reborn again after the underworld journey. The idea that when the sun sets it turns into a jaguar and runs through the underworld to become the sun again. Multiple locations for the afterlife like those killed in war or sacrificed, another place for those that drowned, another for those that died a natural death. Even mothers that died during birth go to the same place that those sacrificed or died during battle go because giving birth is a battle. Even children that died at birth go to a place that leads to reincarnation incredibly quickly because they never ate normal food or lived so no need for purification. The concept of an underworld where all the dead go was common in the ancient world and it's nice to hear one more group of people that believed there was an underworld.