Different

Gender and Our Primate Heritage

De: Frans de Waal

Narrado por: Jonathan Davis

In Different, world-renowned primatologist Frans de Waal draws on decades of observation and studies of both human and animal behavior to argue that despite the linkage between gender and biological sex, biology does not automatically support the traditional gender roles in human societies. While humans and other primates do share some behavioral differences, biology offers no justification for existing gender inequalities.

Using chimpanzees and bonobos to illustrate this point—two ape relatives that are genetically equally close to humans—de Waal challenges widely held beliefs about masculinity and femininity, and common assumptions about authority, leadership, cooperation, competition, filial bonds, and sexual behavior. Chimpanzees are male-dominated and violent, while bonobos are female-dominated and peaceful. In both species, political power needs to be distinguished from physical dominance. Power is not limited to the males, and both sexes show true leadership capacities.

Different is a fresh and thought-provoking approach to the long-running debate about the balance between nature and nurture, and where sex and gender roles fit in. De Waal peppers his discussion with details from his own life—a Dutch childhood in a family of six boys, his marriage to a French woman with a different orientation toward gender, and decades of academic turf wars over outdated scientific theories that have proven hard to dislodge from public discourse. He discusses sexual orientation, gender identity, and the limitations of the gender binary, exceptions to which are also found in other primates.

With humor, clarity, and compassion, Different seeks to broaden the conversation about human gender dynamics by promoting an inclusive model that embraces differences, rather than negating them.

Cover painting © 2022 Succession H. Matisse / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

©2022 Frans de Waal (P)2022 Recorded Books

Different by Frans de Waal

This was a terrific book that brought me back to my college sociology and anthropology studies and forward to a future of equality for all genders. Read it and learn how similar and how different we are from Chimps and Bonobos.

Full of Insight and Nuance

Gender identity, sexuality, gender roles, nature/nurter, biology/society, gender stereotypes- what do our closest evolutionary ancestors (the chimpanzees and the bonobos) have to teach is about these all-to-often polarizing topics?

Frans de Waal tackles these topics head-on with fascinating stories that add texture and life to the scientific data and research regarding these subjects. I think that almost everyone will have at least a couple of their own personal assumptions challenged after reading this book, as it's conclusions don't land on either end of the ideological spectrum. If not, it will certainly add nuance and life to the conversation.

And, as any honest scientist will admit, there is still more to learn...

A perfect surprise.

I had no idea what this book was about when I bought it. I like Dr. DeWaal's work and trusted thatbthis book would be a good read. Excellent and relevant to our times. Check it out, it's almost like being on a mind trip but sober.

Worth the Read

I didn’t agree with everything - but it was a fascinating read that made me think. Definitely worth it !

A primatological recasting of gender roles

Despite expressions such as "comparing apples and oranges," people in competitive societies tend to believe that if two things are different, one must be better than another. We apply this faulty rationale to breeds of dogs and horses, cuts of meat, and, unfortunately, to people.

In his new book, <i>Different</i>, Frans de Waal illustrates the flaws in this logic as he explores gender differences and similarities across species and cultures. The author focuses on humans and our closest relatives, the chimps and bonobos, to explore the biological underpinnings of behavior and the variation in behaviors. Although this may sound like a conservative set-up for defending sexist roles, de Waal challenges culturally instilled beliefs about masculinity and femininity, including the common assumption that males are naturally political leaders by differentiating between power and dominance and the notion that dominance is a monolithic structure.

He likewise challenges those who argue that biology is irrelevant, calling for a reasoned discussion of the data. Having differences does not mean one gender is better than the others or that some biological standard confines one to a socially ascribed gender role. In all three of his focal species, individuals can break one or more of the gender norms, and all three have gender-nonconformists.

De Waal's recognition of overlapping gender differences between males and females creates a gateway for discussing different genders and sexual orientations. Within-gender sexual behavior occurs in all three species. Gender non-conforming individuals, such as Donna, a swaggering female chimp who displayed archetypical male chimpanzee behavior, also is present in all three species. He argues that instead of pushing our children into stereotypes, we should note their preferences and help them become well-adjusted human beings, no matter what mix of traits they may display.

I strongly recommend this book and that it be read in conjunction with Sara Hrdy's new book, <i>Father Time</i>, which also explores gender roles. It also challenges the outdated concept of set gender-specific behavior and invites the reader into the world of nurturing by male primates, including humans. Both books are great, but taken together, the complement is outstanding.

Fantastic

I loved this book. It was fascinating and I learned a great deal.

I highly recommend it.

Excellent, Fascinating Book

Frans de Waal is so knowledgeable in his field. This book is wonderful and insightful.

This book is a gem!

Fascinating, Hopeful, Compassionate. It’s so refreshing to read a work done by a scientist that offers an optimistic view on humans and animals alike. A very fun read throughout the book. Also it helped restore faith in humanity in me

Wonderfully insightful view into the primate world

The author speaks from a vast knowledge of primates - especially apes - built up over decades, and the much greater impartiality with which humans are able to observe other species than their own, allows for much more clarity on the actual makeup of primate societies and the roles of gender and sex than is common when talking about humans - given so many inbuilt biases and agendas. It’s much harder to look objectively at ourselves than at others.

There are many great insights in the book that help to ground the gender debate in a more solid foundation on fact, which is always a good starting point! In addition, it reveals an incredible beauty, subtlety, and intelligence in the natural order of ape societies, where gender and sex have their roles without leading to discrimination or counterproductive divisions. There are touching stories about how primates such as chimps and bonobos, show incredible care for one another, forgiveness, responsibility, selflessness, wisdom, and other qualities usually reserved for descriptions of humans. There seems to be almost no discrimination in the primate world based on physical appearance, and in general a much greater acceptance of relative differences - including non-typical gender presentations - than amongst humans. Once again in comparing humans to the rest of nature, one has the sinking feeling of humans coming up woefully short on many counts!

One of the many wonderful bits of information gleaned from the book, is that ape societies have both an alpha male and alpha female, and that neither is narcissistic and self aggrandising the way we usually use the term applies to humans. As in so many other ways, nature shows us that it doesn’t need to be either or, and that positions of power don’t need to be abused. In fact so much of human social organisation is a perversion of what we see in nature.

A few small parts of the book appear to be verging on pandering to the current culture war climate and may not age well, but they are few and far between - and perhaps a necessary pandering to allow safe passage of the rest of the book, which certainly throws up many well founded challenges to much of the current orthodoxy on sex and gender.

All in all an incredibly thoughtful, kind and wise book, with much to learn especially for any non-primatologists. I have a new found respect for the apes and hope one day again to see some of these wonderful animals in the wild.

de Waal weighs in on nature & environment inputs

By comparing the lives of primates and various other species with Homo Sapiens, de Waal illustrates the complexity of human nature. Clearly, in comparison, none of the species examined are entirely the product of their genetics. Meanwhile, environmental conditions factor most into the development of Homo Sapiens traits since our species has a more encompassing culture. The many examples provided for other species' traits compared to the most controversial Homo Sapiens traits are comprehensive and lead the reader to a more clear picture that "natural" is an acceptable explanation for nearly all traits.

De Waal's extensive understanding in his primary expertise coupled with his gift for plainly presenting complicated topics provides an entirely accessible text for consideration by open minded readers. The narration adds to the richness of de Waal's words.