*Apologies for the reduced quality in this episode. Nonetheless, listen and enjoy as we break down why and how the secret society existed and what the Europeans have to do with it.

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Outro music provided by DCQ BEATZ: https://player.beatstars.com/?storeId=97074&trackId=2559403

REFERENCES:

1. Leib, Elliott, and Renee Romano. "Reign of the Leopard: Ngbe Ritual." African Arts, vol. 18, no. 1, Nov. 1984, pp. 48–57, 94-96.

2. Ishemo, Shubi L. "From Africa to Cuba: An Historical Analysis of the Sociedad Secreta Abakuá (Ñañiguismo)." Review of African Political Economy, vol. 29, no. 92, Jun. 2002, pp. 253-272.

3. Ottenberg, Simon, and Linda Knudsen. "Leopard Society Masquerades: Symbolism and Diffusion." African Arts, vol. 18, no. 2, Feb. 1985, pp. 37–44, 93-95, 103-104.

4. Saint Louis Art Museum. (n.d.). Leopard Society Emblem (nkpa) [Collection object no. 38375]. Saint Louis Art Museum. Retrieved May 1, 2025, from https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/38375/

Join us in Congo for a short story about how an animal whisperer brought the sun back to his homeland!

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YouTube:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFuTYzTqseXvH1RkmxV-1XA

Outro music provided by DCQ BEATZ: https://player.beatstars.com/?storeId=97074&trackId=2559403

REFERENCES:

1. Lynch, P. A. (2010). African Mythology A to Z second edition (J. Roberts, Ed.; Second). Cheslea House.

2. https://www.robertmellors.notts.sch.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/05/English-Thursday-and-Friday.pdf

A society without war, a kingdom without an army, a place where the shedding of blood or abuse of another human are abominations that will rain curses on you and your household. Sounds fictional, but learn about how the Nri of Igboland in Nigeria did it.

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Outro music provided by DCQ BEATZ: https://player.beatstars.com/?storeId=97074&trackId=2559403

REFERENCES:

1. Onwuejeogwu, M. A. (1981). An Igbo Civilization: Nri Kingdom & Hegemony. Ethnographica, London; Ethiope Publishing Corporation, Benin City, Nigeria

2. El Fasi, M. (Ed.). (1988). General history of Africa, Vol. 3: Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century. UNESCO Publishing

3. Ogot, B. A. (Ed.). (1992). General history of Africa, Vol. 4: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. UNESCO Publishing

4. Isichei, E. (1997). A history of African societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.